Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0043167 (pertussis)
 19,595 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We examined the role of augmented formation of intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP) in the mediation of stromal cell growth factor production that occurs constitutively or upon cytokine stimulation. Clonal murine marrow adherent cell lines were stimulated under serum-free conditions by interleukin-1 (IL-1) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and one (+/+ -1.LDA11) was found to produce low quantities of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). GM-CSF identity was confirmed by the ability of supernatants from stromal cells to promote proliferation of the factor-dependent cell line FDC-P1, neutralization of this activity by antiserum to GM-CSF, and by Northern blot analysis. However, optimal concentrations of IL-1 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), in combination, led to synergistic (greater than 5-fold higher quantity) GM-CSF production compared with either stimulus alone in the +/+ -1. LDA11 cell line, capable of GM-CSF production after only single stimulation with IL-1 or LPS. In addition, synergistic stimulation by IL-1 and TNF-alpha led to equivalent high amounts of GM-CSF in another cell line incapable of GM-CSF production after induction with only IL-1 or LPS. Any of several means to raise intracellular cAMP levels, including addition of 8-bromo-cyclic AMP (8Br cAMP) (0.25-1mM), pertussis toxin (20-100 ng/ml), or addition of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) (1 microM), failed to stimulate GM-CSF production alone and strongly inhibited GM-CSF production in stromal cells stimulated by IL-1, LPS, or the synergistic combination of IL-1 and TNF-alpha. In addition, PGE1 and pertussis intoxication were agonists of adenylate cyclase in membranes of marrow adherent cells, whereas IL-1 and LPS were not. The role for regulators of intracellular cAMP was specific because any of the cAMP agonists alone, or in the presence of cytokine stimulators of stromal cells, strongly enhanced IL-6 production, an event known to be cAMP-responsive. Thus, acute formation of intracellular cAMP is a negative regulator of stromal cell GM-CSF production mediated by cytokines, but positively regulates IL-6 production and may be an important determinant of cytokine-directed marrow microenvironmental function. These findings on the requirement for augmentation versus inhibition of cytokine-mediated production of hemopoietic growth factors might be applied to an analysis of marrow stromal cell heterogeneity.
 ...
PMID:Role for cyclic AMP in the postreceptor control of cytokine-stimulated stromal cell growth factor production. 216 2

Pertussis toxin (PT) catalyzes the ADP-ribosylation of several guanine nucleotide-binding (G) proteins that are involved in the transduction of cell surface receptor-mediated signals. Involvement of such G-proteins in regulation of hematopoiesis by two growth factors, colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) and interleukin 3 (IL 3), was investigated using pertussis toxin. Continuous or pulse exposure of murine bone marrow cells to pertussis toxin inhibited CSF-1 or IL 3-induced colony formation by approximately 50%. Pertussis toxin inhibition was also demonstrated against partially separated marrow from 5-fluorouracil-treated mice. The toxin effect was blocked by heating (95 degrees C for 30 minutes), by antitoxin antibody and was not associated with increased cAMP levels in target cells. In experiments with murine marrow, toxin-mediated inhibition appeared to involve predominantly the macrophage lineage. IL 3 stimulation of proliferation of the murine marrow-derived factor-dependent cell line FDC-P1, as measured by 3H-TdR incorporation, and CSF-1 stimulation of pure populations of murine bone marrow derived macrophages, as measured by DNA content and cell number, was also inhibited. Analysis of the effects of pertussis toxin on the growth of single cells stimulated by IL 3 demonstrated that this inhibition involved a decreased growth rate rather than a toxic ablation of cells. Phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) stimulated FDC-P1 cells and was able to abrogate the PT inhibition of IL 3 stimulation of these cells, suggesting but not establishing that IL 3 may mediate its proliferative effects through activating protein kinase C.
 ...
PMID:Inhibition of interleukin 3 and colony-stimulating factor 1-stimulated marrow cell proliferation by pertussis toxin. 312 45

We have examined the role of Gi alpha in haemopoietic cells using the myelomonocytic progenitor cell lines FDC-P1 and WEHI-3B (JCS). During growth factor-dependent proliferation of FDC-P1 cells Gi alpha was found predominantly in the nucleus and associated with the plasma membrane. Following removal of growth factor, Gi alpha accumulated in the cytoplasm and at the plasma membrane. Treatment of FDC-P1 cells with pertussis toxin (PT) completely inhibited translocation of Gi alpha to the nucleus and reduced the sensitivity of FDC-P1 cells to the proliferative effects of growth factors, indicating that translocation of Gi alpha plays a regulatory role in, but may not be essential for, cell division. Gi alpha initially associated with DNA during S/G2 of the FDC-P1 cell cycle but separated from condensing chromosomes during mitosis. In contrast to FDC-P1 cells, WEHI-3B (JCS) cells proliferate in the absence of added growth factors but can be induced to differentiate by TNF-alpha. In proliferating JCS cells Gi alpha was again associated with the nucleus but when proliferation was inhibited by TNF-alpha, Gi alpha accumulated in the cytoplasm with none detected in the nucleus. Thus the cytokine regulated accumulation of Gi alpha at different intracellular sites correlated with the ability of the cell to progress through the proliferative cycle. When the tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein was added to FDC-P1 cells prior to stimulation with IL-3 or GM-CSF, proliferation was almost completely inhibited but translocation of Gi alpha was not affected, suggesting that tyrosine phosphorylation was not involved in G protein translocation but was essential for cytokine induced cell division. Cholera toxin (CT) also inhibited proliferation of FDC-P1 cells but had no effect on translocation of Gi alpha to the nucleus. The near complete inhibition of cell division by genistein and CT without a corresponding effect on Gi alpha movement indicates that Gi alpha can be regulated independently of tyrosine kinase and adenylyl cyclase activities, respectively.
 ...
PMID:Localization of the GTP-binding protein Gi alpha in myelomonocytic progenitor cells is regulated by proliferation (GM-CSF, IL-3) and differentiation (TNF) signals. 834 49

The effect of anandamide, an endogenous ligand for central (CB1) and peripheral (CB2) cannabinoid receptors, was investigated on the growth of the murine IL-6-dependent lymphoid cell line B9 and the murine IL-3-dependent myeloblastic cell line FDC-P1. In conditions of low serum level, anandamide potentiated the growth of both cytokine-dependent cell lines. Comparison with other fatty acid cannabinoid ligands such as (R)-methanandamide, a ligand with improved selectivity for the CB1 receptor, or palmitylethanolamide, an endogenous ligand for the CB2 receptor, showed a very similar effect, suggesting that cell growth enhancement by anandamide or its analogs could be mediated through either receptor subtype. However, several lines of evidence indicated that this growth-promoting effect was cannabinoid receptor-independent. First, the potent synthetic cannabinoid agonist CP 55940, which displays high affinity for both receptors, was inactive in this model. Second, SR 141716A and SR 144528, which are potent and specific antagonists of CB1 and CB2 receptors respectively, were unable, alone or in combination, to block the anandamide-induced effect. Third, inactivation of both receptors by pretreatment of cells with pertussis toxin did not affect the potentiation of cell growth by anandamide. These data demonstrated that neither CB1 nor CB2 receptors were involved in the anandamide-induced effect. Moreover, using CB2-transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells, we demonstrated that after complete blockade of the receptors by the specific antagonist SR 144528, anandamide was still able to strongly stimulate a mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase activity, clearly indicating that the endogenous cannabinoid can transduce a mitogenic signal in the absence of available receptors. Finally, arachidonic acid, a structurally related compound and an important lipid messenger without known affinity for cannabinoid receptors, was shown to trigger MAP kinase activity and cell growth enhancement similar to those observed with anandamide. These findings provide clear evidence for a functional role of anandamide in activating a signal transduction pathway leading to cell activation and proliferation via a non-cannabinoid receptor-mediated process.
 ...
PMID:The endogenous cannabinoid anandamide is a lipid messenger activating cell growth via a cannabinoid receptor-independent pathway in hematopoietic cell lines. 956 6