Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0043167 (pertussis)
 19,595 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Exposure of C62B rat glioma cells to fresh medium containing fetal bovine serum induced a sensitization of the subsequent ability of isoproterenol and forskolin to stimulate cyclic AMP accumulation, compared to cells exposed to fresh medium without serum. Isoproterenol stimulation was typically increased by 2- to 4-fold and forskolin stimulation by 3- to 5-fold. Sensitization occurred rapidly, was rapidly reversible and appeared to result from an increase in maximal stimulation. A commercial preparation of albumin, purified chromatographically so as to retain bound lipids and other factors, was able to mimic the effect of serum. In contrast to the effects of serum, exposure of cells to phorbol 12-myristate, 13-acetate induced little or no change in forskolin stimulation but a marked desensitization of isoproterenol stimulation that was due primarily to a decrease in potency. Neither the protein kinase C inhibitor staurosporine or overnight exposure to phorbol 12-myristate, 13-acetate to down-regulate protein kinase C prevented serum-induced sensitization. Pertussis toxin almost completely blocked serum-induced sensitization, suggesting involvement of a pertussis toxin-sensitive guanine nucleotide-binding protein in mediating the effects of serum. Sensitization was poorly retained in membrane adenylate cyclase assays. Studies with the phosphodiesterase inhibitor 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, direct assays of cyclic AMP degradation by intact cells and assays of phosphodiesterase activity in cell lysates all indicated that degradation of cyclic AMP was decreased in serum-pretreated cells. Thus, both increased cyclic AMP synthesis and decreased cyclic AMP degradation may contribute to sensitization in these cells.
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PMID:Serum-induced sensitization of cyclic AMP accumulation in C62B rat glioma cells. 138 77

The present study was designed to delineate changes in serum lipid levels following various kinds of tissue injury or inflammation such as contact sensitivity to picryl chloride, thermal burn, carrageenin-induced edema, the administration of turpentine oil, Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA), killed Bordetella pertussis (BP) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). A uniform change in the serum lipid metabolism was observed in mice that received these inflammatory stimuli; that is, increases in total cholesterol, free cholesterol and phospholipid levels, a decrease in the ester ratio and a decline in lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase activity as well as a decrease in albumin levels, which is an index of the acute-phase response. However, serum triglyceride levels were increased by treatment with the bacterial stimuli (FCA, BP and LPS) but decreased by treatment with the other stimuli. The serum free cholesterol and phospholipid levels were significantly correlated with the intensity of contact sensitivity, which was modified by treatment with cyclophosphamide. Indomethacin or dexamethasone suppressed carrageenin-induced edema and inhibited some of the alterations in lipid metabolism that developed during inflammation because each affected a part of the lipid metabolism. These findings suggest that, like the appearance of acute-phase proteins, the uniform change in serum lipid metabolism may be another sensitive index of the acute inflammatory response.
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PMID:A uniform alteration in serum lipid metabolism occurring during inflammation in mice. 164 Jun 61

Immunoglobulin treatment for whooping cough (pertussis) is widely believed to be ineffective although there are sound reasons for regarding the condition as a toxin-induced disease. We wondered whether the lack of success with pertussis immunoglobulins might be attributable to inadequate dose, so we designed a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of two immunoglobulin preparations. The study was conducted at three Swedish hospitals. We enrolled 73 children aged less than 36 months who were admitted with a clinical diagnosis of whooping cough. On admission they were assigned to one of three groups: (a) monocomponent pertussis toxoid vaccine; (b) two-component acellular vaccine also containing filamentous haemagglutinin; or (c) 20% albumin solution (placebo). The immunoglobulins had a high antitoxin content and had been raised with acellular pertussis vaccines. Diagnosis of pertussis was confirmed by laboratory tests and the follow-up was completed in 67 children. The main study group consisted of 47 children with less than or equal to 14 days of disease before therapy. Duration of whoops post-treatment was 8.7 days (95% Cl 4.8, 12.6) in the 33 children receiving immunoglobulin vs 20.6 (95% Cl 11.9, 29.3) in the 14 receiving placebo (p = 0.0041). Mean number of whoops during the first week of follow-up was also significantly reduced (p = 0.0196). We found that early treatment was important, since the effect on duration of whoops was most pronounced when disease duration before treatment was less than or equal to 7 days. There were no significant differences between the two immunoglobulin preparations. High-dose specific pertussis immunoglobulin with a high antitoxin concentration has a beneficial effect in the treatment of whooping cough.
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PMID:Specific immunoglobulin for treatment of whooping cough. 168 43

Pertussigen (pertussis toxin (PT] is one of the most effective stimulators of IgE production in mice and rats. Employing flow microfluorimetric analysis (FMF), we showed that PT increases the percentage of blood and spleen lymphocytes with IgE on their surface. The percentage of IgE-bearing cells in the spleen of normal untreated C57Bl/10SCN mice of various ages varied from 2.2 to 12.2%, with an average value of 6.1 +/- 5.4%. In mice treated with 400 ng of PT and 1 mg of chicken egg albumin (EA), the percentage of these cells increased, 14 days after immunization, to an average value of 31.1 +/- 2.2%. Immunization of mice with PT alone increase the percentage of IgE-bearing cells only slightly (13.1 +/- 2.2% of the splenic lymphocytes) while injection of 1 mg of EA alone did not have any detectable action. As little as 6 ng of PT, when given simultaneously with 1 mg of EA, increased the percentage of IgE-bearing lymphocytes. A booster dose of 10 micrograms of EA given on Day 14 induced a further increase in the percentage of these cells even when as little as 0.039 ng of PT had been given at the time of initial immunization. PT was effective when given 4 days before or 5 days after EA. EA was effective when given 4 days before or 4 days after PT, but not 8 days after. The increase in IgE-bearing cells was mainly due to cytophilic binding of IgE to receptors for the epsilon chain of IgE (Fc epsilon) on the surface of lymphocytes rather than to a greater number of IgE-producing cells. This was shown by removing the IgE from Fc epsilon receptors by acid treatment which reduced the percentage of IgE-bearing cells to nearly normal values. The antibodies of IgE class with specificity to EA were increased dramatically, while antibodies with specificity to PT were not detected.
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PMID:Action of pertussigen (pertussis toxin) on serum IgE and on Fc epsilon receptors on lymphocytes. 213 64

Signal transduction initiated by interaction of immune complexes (IC) with Fc gamma RII and Fc gamma RIII receptors on human neutrophils was studied by investigating the capacity of well-defined complexes to stimulate O2- generation in neutrophils. IC consisting of polyclonal rabbit antibody to human albumin were prepared at equivalence (insoluble complexes) and at five times Ag excess (soluble complexes). Stimulation of human neutrophils with soluble and insoluble IC caused a dose-dependent activation of the respiratory burst and O2- generation. Incubation of neutrophils with cytochalasin B significantly enhanced O2- generation in neutrophils stimulated with soluble IC. In contrast, cytochalasin B treatment had a minimal effect on O2- generation in neutrophils stimulated with insoluble IC. Treatment of neutrophils with PGE1 or pertussis toxin (PTx) significantly inhibited O2- generation by soluble IC-stimulated neutrophils. However, neither PGE1 nor PTx treatment significantly altered O2- generation in neutrophils stimulated with insoluble complexes. Although O2- generation induced by soluble IC was significantly inhibited by mAb against both Fc gamma RII and Fc gamma RIII receptor, insoluble IC stimulation of neutrophil O2- generation was significantly diminished only by mAb against Fc gamma RIII receptor. Cross-linking of either Fc gamma RII or Fc gamma RIII receptors on neutrophil surfaces induced O2- generation, and this activation was inhibited by both PGE1 and PTx treatment. These findings indicate that soluble and insoluble ICs induce O2- production in human neutrophils through distinct mechanisms. Soluble IC induce activation of neutrophils through a PTx- and PGE1-sensitive pathway that is dependent upon both Fc gamma RII and Fc gamma RIII receptors. Although insoluble IC induce O2- production through a PTx and PGE1 insensitive pathway mediated primarily through Fc gamma RIII receptor.
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PMID:Soluble and insoluble immune complexes activate human neutrophil NADPH oxidase by distinct Fc gamma receptor-specific mechanisms. 217 May 30

This study examined the electrophysiological responses to antigen and to various stimuli in jejunal mucosa from rats sensitized to egg albumin with alum and pertussis adjuvants. Luminal antigen caused an immediate increase in short-circuit current, a measure of net ion transport, which was one of three different patterns. All were inhibited by the chloride channel blocker diphenyl-2-carboxylate, by chloride-free buffer, and by doxantrazole, a mast cell stabilizer. Depending on the pattern, the histamine-1 antagonist diphenhydramine, the 5-hydroxytryptamine-2 antagonist ketanserin, and the cyclooxygenase inhibitor piroxicam also reduced the responses. A neural component was indicated by inhibition of the responses to luminal antigen by the neurotoxin tetrodotoxin and by neonatal capsaicin treatment, which depletes substance P-containing nerves. In the absence of antigen, histamine and substance P caused increases in short-circuit current; the magnitude of these changes was significantly greater in tissues from sensitized animals than in controls. These data suggest that sensitization itself may result in hypersecretory responses to some inflammatory mediator and neurotransmitter substances.
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PMID:Allergic reactions of rat jejunal mucosa. Ion transport responses to luminal antigen and inflammatory mediators. 234 44

The amounts of endotoxin in commercial blood products were measured by the turbidimetric kinetic Limulus test with an ordinary reagent (LAL-HS) and a new endotoxin-specific reagent (LAL-ES). LAL-ES contains a sufficient amount of a water-soluble (1----3)-beta-D-glucan derivative as a blocker of the (1----3)-beta-D-glucan-mediated coagulation pathway in the reaction of the Limulus amebocyte lysate. The amounts of endotoxin in albumin and globulin products measured with LAL-ES agreed with pyrogenic activities in rabbits, but those measured with LAL-HS did not. Added endotoxin in the blood products was well recovered with LAL-ES, but that in some products was excessively recovered with LAL-HS. The amounts of endotoxin in diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus combined vaccines measured with LAL-HS and LAL-ES agreed with the pyrogenic activities in rabbits. The results suggested the existence of a false-positive substance like beta-glucan in the blood products but not in the vaccine. LAL-ES is more suitable for the detection of endotoxin in blood products than LAL-HS.
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PMID:[Measurement of endotoxin in blood products using an endotoxin-specific Limulus test reagent and its relation to pyrogenic activities in rabbit]. 237 24

There is no group proof of long acting antirheumatics (LAA) in laboratory animal models, and it is not to be expected without an identical rheumatoid arthritis model in animals and with regard to the heterogeneity of LAA. However, LAA are to be detected according to D-penicillamine-like, levamisol-like etc. actions, which can be disclosed in the adjuvant arthritis as well as in the B. pertussis-vaccine pleuritis in rats the latter model best by including parameters of inflammatory exudate cells. Modification of the models or of model parameters (BCG-sensibilization, PPD reaction, vasoreactivity, RNA content of exudate cells, SH groups, copper zinc) are hardly advantageous, contrarily to dosage. Other models, among them paw edemas, do not permit sufficient testing of LAA, even not the methyl-albumin mice paw edema. There is no problem of pharmacologically separating LAA actions from nonsteroidal or steroidal antiphlogistics actions.
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PMID:[The testing of long-term antirheumatics in animals]. 244 99

To investigate the sequence of immunopathologic events during lesion formation in acute experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), SJL/J mice were inoculated with isogeneic spinal cord in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) and with Bordetella pertussis on Days 1 and 3 postinoculation (PI). Mice were sampled at different time points PI and T cells, T-cell subsets. Ia+ cells, Ig+ cells, albumin, and Ig deposits were localized in frozen sections by the avidin-biotin complex (ABC) method and direct fluorescence. Furthermore, samples were stained for Ia antigen, myelin basic protein (MBP), and galactocerebroside (GC) localization on endothelial cells by the ABC technique. Clinical and pathologic observations were correlated with the immunopathologic results. It was found that early in the disease process myelin and Ia-antigens were demonstrable on endothelial cells within the central nervous system (CNS). Simultaneously, damage to the blood-brain barrier was apparent, as indicated by albumin deposits, and small numbers of infiltrating T cells, T-cell subsets, and Ia+ cells were found. With time PI, the density of infiltrating total T cells (Thy-1.2+), helper/inducer (Lyt-1+), and suppressor/cytotoxic (Lyt-2+) T cells increased; Lyt-1+ and Lyt-2+ cells were detectable in meningeal as well as parenchymal infiltrates, while later on, Lyt-1+ cells showed some predilection for the CNS parenchyma and Lyt-2+ cells for meninges. Ia+ cells (B cells, macrophages, activated T cells) were present in small numbers only. Ig+ cells (B cells and macrophages) appeared shortly before onset of signs and persisted in moderate numbers. These results reconfirm the importance of early T-cell involvement for the development of EAE; they might also indicate a secondary role for Ig+ cells and are consistent with the concept that presentation of myelin antigens to T cells might occur locally on Ia-bearing endothelial cells within the CNS.
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PMID:Acute experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in the mouse: immunopathology of the developing lesion. 257 95

Chemosensitive sensory nerves have an important effector role in the control of vascular permeability in rat airways after neurogenic inflammation. To investigate whether they also have a role in antigen-induced lung inflammation, we have studied the changes in lung solute clearance (LSC) in sensitized rats after aerosol challenge with allergen and the effect of prior capsaicin-induced denervation on these changes. Sprague-Dawley rats were immunized with egg albumin (EA), using aluminum hydroxide and Bordetella pertussis as adjuvants. After 11 days, the animals were challenged for 5 min with aerosolized EA, and the clearance from the lungs of aerosolized 99mTc diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (99mTc-DTPA) over 7.5 min (LSC 7.5) was subsequently measured at various times after challenge as an index of epithelial permeability or integrity. Sensitized animals responded to the challenge with immediate respiratory symptoms and with an increased 99mTc-DTPA clearance rate that was detectable at 20 min (mean +/- SE LSC 7.5: baseline, 6 +/- 1%; 20 min, 17 +/- 3%; p less than 0.05), persisted at 4 h (14 +/- 1%; p less than 0.05), and returned to normal values after 24 h. Unsensitized rats exposed to EA and sensitized rats exposed to PBS or to bovine serum albumin did not show any change. Bronchoalveolar lavage failed to show significant changes of cell populations until 24 h, when an increased presence of lymphocytes, PMN, and eosinophils was observed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Antigen-induced lung solute clearance in rats is dependent on capsaicin-sensitive nerves. 264 1


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