Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0043167 (pertussis)
 19,595 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been used for the determination of the isotype and the specificity of Bordetella pertussis serum antibodies induced by natural infection and by vaccination. In a previous study (J. Med. Microbiol., 16, 417-426 (1984)) it was shown that the presence of pertussis serum IgA antibodies could be used as an indicator of infection: IgA antibodies were not induced by vaccination nor transported from the mother to the serum of the child. In the present study ELISA was used for the determination of IgA, IgM and IgG antibodies. From the results obtained with sera from suspected pertussis cases, it was concluded that antibodies against FHA are hardly induced by infection, in contrast to anti-LPF (determined in a fetuin sandwich ELISA) and anti-LPS antibodies. In view of the lower standard deviation of the mean anti-LPF antibody titer these antibodies were studied more extensively. From a number of bacteriologically proved pertussis cases, it was shown that high levels of IgG anti-LPF antibodies were found before IgA antibodies could be detected. On the other hand, we had the impression that IgG antibodies declined more rapidly than IgA antibodies. One has, however, to take into account that IgG antibodies are transferred from mother to child. From assay of sera from infants prior to, during and two months after vaccination (ages of vaccination: 3, 4, 5 and 12 months) it was concluded that IgG anti-LPF antibodies were induced to a much lower level by DTP-polio vaccination (10 O.U. per dose) than by natural infection.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:Improved serodiagnosis of whooping cough caused by Bordetella pertussis by determination of IgG anti-LPF antibody levels. 287 20

The intracerebral challenge test for determining the protective potency of pertussis vaccines has long been in use. In an effort to elucidate what antibodies are responsible for such protection, a study was undertaken to analyse serum antibodies against filamentous hemagglutinin, lymphocytosis promoting factor and agglutinogens. Conventional pertussis vaccines induced antibodies to FHA and agglutinogens in mice whereas no demonstrable antibodies to LPF were stimulated. By toxoiding LPF on cells with 0.4 per cent formaldehyde, preparations were obtained which induced anti-LPF antibodies in mice. This treatment however, resulted in considerable reduction in potency as judged by the intracerebral challenge test. Apparently the protective potency of pertussis vaccines in mice is based on the adjuvant properties of LPF and not its antigenic properties. An optimized schedule is outlined for the laboratory standardization of pertussis vaccines by measuring antibody responses and especially anti-LPF in mice. Highest titers were obtained in mice when the interval between immunization and booster injections was 28 days.
 ...
PMID:Optimization of immunization schedule to standardize antibody response in mice to pertussis vaccines. 287 28

Adverse reactions to DTP became a social problem in Japan in 1975 which brought a fall of immunization rates and an epidemic of pertussis which had its peak in 1979. Development of a new DTP vaccine with less adverse reactions was urgently needed and an acellular pertussis vaccine was developed which has replaced whole cell pertussis vaccines. More than 15 million doses of the new DTP vaccine has been administered since 1981 in Japan. Immunization acceptance reached 80% in 1982 and the incidence of pertussis has shown a definite decline. Temperature elevation to 38 degrees C or above following immunization with the new DTP vaccine occurred in approximately 1% of all vaccinees. Local reactions were less frequent after the first dose but observed in 40-50% of vaccinees after the second or later doses. However, local reactions were transient and subsided within a few days. Three cases who developed CNS symptoms have been reported for an incidence of 0.19 per one million doses. Attack rates in home contacts below 5 years of age were 84.2% in non-vaccinees and 5.5% in children who had received two or more doses of DTP. The estimated efficacy rate was 93.5%. Anti-LPF and anti-FHA titers after two or three doses of DTP were similar to those in the convalescent stage of natural pertussis infections. Antibody titers of children immunized with the new DTP were similar to those of children immunized with whole cell pertussis vaccines.
 ...
PMID:Results with a new DTP vaccine in Japan. 287 31

The level of antitoxin i.e. neutralizing antibodies to pertussis toxin, or lymphocytosis promoting factor, was determined in six pertussis immune globulin preparations from different manufactures. A comparison with antitoxin levels after natural pertussis disease in adults showed that pertussis immune globulins did not contain more antitoxin than convalescent phase sera, i.e. they had very low antitoxin content for specific immune globulins. Agglutinin and anti-FHA titres were relatively higher in immune globulins, probably reflecting a difference between the antibody response elicited by whole cell vaccines used for hyperimmunization in immune globulin production and by natural disease. The low antitoxin content of currently available pertussis immune globulin preparations could explain the inefficacy or conflicting results obtained with these products in prophylaxis and therapy of whooping cough.
 ...
PMID:Antitoxin in human pertussis immune globulins. 288 31

Clearly, B. pertussis has evolved very elaborate mechanisms to maintain itself in the human host. Three different proteins (FHA, pertussis toxin and fimbriae) have been implicated in adherence. Furthermore, a number of toxins are produced (pertussis toxin, adenylate cyclase, dermonecrotic toxin, and tracheal cytotoxin) which destroy the clearance mechanisms of the respiratory tract, or suppress the immune response. There is evidence that B. pertussis may survive intracellularly, and the possibility that it is a facultative intracellular parasite should certainly be explored. The availability of a large number of cloned virulence genes, and a system to construct well defined mutants by allelic exchange (Stibbitz et al. 1986) will greatly facilitate the study of Bordetella virulence factors at the molecular level. It opens the possibility to construct avirulent strains, which are still able to colonize and stimulate the local immune response. Such strains may be used as live, oral vaccines, to present (heterologous) antigens to the mucosal immune system of the respiratory tract.
 ...
PMID:Virulence factors of Bordetella pertussis. 290

Japanese clinical trials with Takeda acellular pertussis vaccine revealed that infants 3 to 8 months of age reacted sufficiently to the vaccine: anti-PT ant-FHA levels after vaccination were as high as those observed with 2 year old children. No substantial difference in general reactions was noted between infants and 2 year old children. Less local reactions were noted in infants.
 ...
PMID:Japanese clinical trials with Takeda acellular pertussis vaccine. 290 19

Acellular pertussis vaccines combined with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and adsorbed onto an aluminum salt (AcPDT) have been used exclusively in Japan for the immunization of children since 1981. (Interagency Report 2), 1987; Kimura et al. 1), 1985) Immunization of children is initiated at two years of age with a booster dose one year later. Morbidity and mortality rates from pertussis, which had steadily increased since 1975 because of poor acceptance of the whole cell preparation, have declined since widespread use of AcPDT (Kimura, 1985). The apparent efficacy of AcPDT has also been demonstrated by several household contact studies in which rates of pertussis in immunized and unimmunized children exposed to the disease in their own homes were determined. In these studies vaccine efficacy ranged between 78 and 93 percent (Interagency Report). However, there are six different manufacturers of AcPDT in Japan, and their products vary in antigenic constituents. One manufacturer produces AcPDT that contains about 50 percent pertussis toxoid and 50 percent filamentous hemagglutinin (B-type AcPDT). Four manufacturers market vaccines that contain predominantly FHA, approximately 10 percent pertussis toxoid, and approximately one percent agglutinogens (T-type AcPDT). The sixth product comprises pertussis toxoid and FHA in amounts that are intermediate between the B- and T-types. With the exception of one small study (Aoyama, 1988) all of the Japanese studies have considered these AcPDT products as a group, and accordingly product-specific information concerning efficacy is not available.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:Preliminary report on household contact studies of the prevention of pertussis in Japanese children by Takeda diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis vaccine combined. 307 7

To evaluate the vaccine efficacy of an acellular pertussis vaccine which has been in clinical use in Japan since 1981, a retrospective study was performed by a questionnaire survey of secondary pertussis attacks through family contact in 146 children with pertussis diagnosed in the period from January 1981 through May 1988. In this study, Takeda's acellular vaccine which contains a high level of FHA, low level of PT and a small amount of agglutinogen, was evaluated. Secondary pertussis attacks through family contact were found in 17 of 27 siblings (62.9%) not immunized with pertussis vaccine. On the other hand, 26 siblings immunized with Takeda's acellular vaccine were exposed to pertussis through family contact and a secondary attack was seen in only one of them (3.8%). The present study revealed an efficacy rate of 93.9% for Takeda's acellular pertussis vaccine.
 ...
PMID:Protection against pertussis by Takeda's acellular pertussis vaccine: household contact studies in Kawasaki City, Japan. 307 8

Serum was taken from 195 infant pertussis patients several times at appropriate intervals, and antibodies to pertussis toxin and filamentous hemagglutinin were evaluated by the ELISA. The geometric mean titers were low for both IgG antibodies at the onset of the disease, and rose to about 30 U/ml for both antibodies in the convalescent sera. All convalescent sera showed high titers of anti-PT IgG antibody. Paired serum samples were collected from 685 children before and four weeks after the second primary dose of immunization with the component vaccine. The titers were less than 1.0 and 1.8 U/ml for anti-PT and anti-FHA IgG, respectively for pre-immunization, and 22 and 66 U/ml for anti-PT and anti-FHA IgG, respectively for after immunization. When children six months of age were immunized with the component vaccine, good antibody responses were seen and no significant differences of antibody response by age were observed. There were 71 children who were immunized twice with the component vaccine and were considered to be exposed to infection by household members. Nine children out of 71 had weak or typical attacks of pertussis, and the attack rate was about 13% (9/71). It was concluded that the newly developed vaccine is suitable for children with respect to immunogenicity, and it was assumed that 20 to 30 ELISA U/ml of anti-PT and anti-FHA IgG is sufficient for protection from pertussis.
 ...
PMID:Anti-pertussis toxin IgG and anti-filamentous hemagglutinin IgG production in children immunized with pertussis acellular vaccine and comparison of these titers with the sera of pertussis convalescent children. 383 79

Expression of the OmpU outer membrane protein of Vibrio cholerae is positively regulated by toxR, which also regulates critical virulence factors such as cholera toxin and the toxin-coregulated pilus colonization factor. In this study, we have characterized the 38-kDa OmpU protein and investigated its role in the adhesion of V. cholerae to mammalian cells. The amino-terminal sequence of OmpU has similarity with the sequences of Haemophilus influenzae HMW1 and HMW2 adhesins, which, in turn, also have similarity with the sequence of Bordetella pertussis filamentous hemagglutinin. A monoclonal antibody directed against FHA recognized both V. cholerae OmpU and Escherichia coli OmpA, and polyclonal anti-OmpU antibodies recognized FHA and E. coli OmpA, suggesting the existence of common epitopes among these proteins. OmpU was strongly recognized by convalescent-phase serum from volunteers experimentally infected with virulent V. cholerae strains, indicating that OmpU is immunogenic and produced in vivo. OmpU selectively bound to fibronectin and to an arginine-glycine-asparagine (RGD) tripeptide but not to other matrix glycoproteins tested such as collagen or laminin. Antibodies directed against OmpU or their F(ab)2 fragments completely inhibited adhesion of several V. cholerae strains to HeLa, HEp-2, Caco-2, and Henle 407 epithelial cells and also inhibited intestinal colonization and conferred protection in newborn mice against both biotypes (El Tor and classical) of V. cholerae O1. Collectively, these data indicate that OmpU has adhesive properties which may play a role in the pathogenesis of cholera.
 ...
PMID:The OmpU outer membrane protein, a potential adherence factor of Vibrio cholerae. 759 Oct 82


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Next >>