Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0043167 (pertussis)
 19,595 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

To evaluate the impact of actions taken in Italy since 1998 to improve vaccination coverage, a national EPI-survey was performed in 2003. Overall, 4602 children aged 12-24 months participated in the study; coverage was calculated for three doses of DT, polio, HBV, pertussis, and Hib, and for one dose of MMR/measles vaccine for children > or =16 months of age. Since 1998, when the last national survey was conducted, DT, polio, and HBV coverage have remained consistently high (95%), while pertussis, Hib, and MMR/measles significantly increased. Pertussis coverage reached the 95% target, and Hib is close to target (87%). Improving MMR coverage (77%), however, remains a national priority.
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PMID:Do changes in policy affect vaccine coverage levels? Results of a national study to evaluate childhood vaccination coverage and reasons for missed vaccination in Italy. 1547 28

This study evaluated GSK's combined DTPa-IPV vaccine (Infanrix-IPV) given as a fifth consecutive acellular pertussis booster dose in conjunction with the second dose of MMR vaccine (Priorix) in children aged 4-6 years. The immunogenicity and reactogenicity of this vaccine regimen was compared with separate injections of DTPa and IPV when given concomitantly with MMR. A cohort of 362 children previously primed with four doses of DTPa and OPV, and a single dose of MMR were randomized to receive either DTPa-IPV+MMR (N=181) or DTPa+IPV+MMR (N=181). Antibody concentrations were measured prior to and 1 month after the booster dose. After immunisation all subjects from both groups had seroprotective antibody levels against diphtheria, tetanus and the three poliovirus serotypes, > or = 96% showed vaccine response to PT, FHA and PRN, all were seropositive to mumps and rubella, and all but one subject were seropositive to measles. Immunogenicity results for each component antigen were similar for DTPa-IPV and separately co-administered DTPa and IPV. Local reactions were common with 24.0% and 31.1% of children experiencing swelling >50mm at the DTPa-IPV and DTPa injection sites, respectively. The DTPa-IPV combination did not increase the incidence or intensity of adverse events compared with separately administered DTPa+IPV. The response to the concomitantly administered MMR vaccine was similar in the two groups and similar to previously reported responses for a second dose of MMR. This combined DTPa-IPV vaccine has a similar reactogenicity profile to DTPa, is immunogenic when given as a booster dose at 4-6 years of age, and has no impact on the immunogenicity of a co-administered second dose of MMR vaccine.
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PMID:A comparison of booster immunisation with a combination DTPa-IPV vaccine or DTPa plus IPV in separate injections when co-administered with MMR, at age 4-6 years. 1682 97

The childhood immunisation programme in England aims to achieve and maintain high vaccine coverage so that no child needlessly suffers from a vaccine preventable disease. As part of the programme, parents must have appropriate support from health professionals and have information available to them to make informed decisions about their choices. Even though immunisation is voluntary in England, coverage is generally high. It has been estimated that only 0.33% of parents do not consent to their child being included in a computerised database that schedules immunisation appointments. Parental attitudes, experiences and social grade are influential in determining whether a child receives a vaccine. Personal experience and knowledge of diseases influence parental perceptions about the seriousness of diseases and their likelihood of being affected by it. In societies where immunisation programmes have been successful, the challenge is maintaining high levels of vaccine coverage. In the absence of disease, the threat of that disease rapidly disappears and anxieties about the vaccine's safety may increase. A fall in vaccine coverage can lead to the return of disease as happened in the UK when rates of pertussis immunisation plummeted in the 1970s. Further perceived threats may also affect vaccine uptake, for example, the MMR controversy dating from 1998. The article outlines the MMR debate in the UK, the communication of risk and benefit and the management of information to the public. It will share lessons learned and examine how they might apply to the veterinary programme.
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PMID:Communicating vaccine benefit and risk - lessons from the medical field. 1685 35

The results of the retrospective analysis of data on vaccination coverage in the preschool-aged and school-aged Roma children (436 preschool and 551 schoolchildren) in three geographical regions of Slovenia were analyzed to establish the differences concerning coverage for specific vaccinations: poliomyelitis, diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, measles, mumps and rubella between the two generation. The data were obtained from health records, immunization records (Vaccination booklet) and National Computerized Immunization System (CEPI 2000). Vaccination coverage was calculated by comparing the number of children eligible for immunization with the number of vaccinated children. This article performs the log-rank statistical test, also known as the Mantel-Haenszel test. Log rang test is comparing survival curves for two generations. Preschool-aged Roma children showed higher vaccination coverage than the school-aged Roma generation. There was no significance difference in the generations of preschool aged and school aged Roma children fully vaccinated against poliomyelitis, diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis. Rubella vaccination was significantly lower in the school aged Roma generation. Only 33% of school aged Roma population received two doses of measles, mumps and rubella vaccine. Vaccination coverage of preschool Roma children in Slovenia against poliomyelitis, diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis and MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) were significantly lower then the national vaccination coverage for preschool aged Slovenia children. Many joint efforts will have to be made to improve the vaccination coverage in Roma communities.
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PMID:Vaccination coverage in hard to reach Roma children in Slovenia. 1724 51

The National Immunization Survey (NIS) provides vaccination coverage estimates among children aged 19-35 months for each of the 50 states and selected urban and county areas. This report describes the findings of the 2006 NIS, which indicated increases in national coverage with pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) and varicella vaccine (VAR) and a stable coverage level for the 4:3:1:3:3:1 vaccine series (i.e., > or =4 doses of diphtheria, tetanus toxoid, and any acellular pertussis vaccine [DTaP]; > or =3 doses of poliovirus vaccine; > or =1 dose of measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine [MMR]; > or =3 doses of Haemophilus influenzae type b [Hib] vaccine; > or =3 doses of hepatitis B vaccine [HepB]; and > or =1 dose of VAR). However, national coverage estimates remained below the Healthy People 2010 target of 90% coverage for PCV, DTaP, and VAR and below the 80% target for the 4:3:1:3:3:1 vaccine series. No significant racial/ethnic disparities in 4:3:1:3:3:1 series coverage were observed after controlling for family income. State and local immunization programs should continue to identify and target children who are not fully vaccinated, especially because of low socioeconomic status and other barriers.
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PMID:National, state, and local area vaccination coverage among children aged 19-35 months--United States, 2006. 1772 93

Certain theories suggest that it should be difficult or impossible to eradicate a vaccine-preventable disease under voluntary vaccination: Herd immunity implies that the individual incentive to vaccinate disappears at high coverage levels. Historically, there have been examples of declining coverage for vaccines, such as MMR vaccine and whole-cell pertussis vaccine, that are consistent with this theory. On the other hand, smallpox was globally eradicated by 1980 despite voluntary vaccination policies in many jurisdictions. Previous modeling studies of the interplay between disease dynamics and individual vaccinating behavior have assumed that infection is transmitted in a homogeneously mixing population. By comparison, here we simulate transmission of a vaccine-preventable SEIR infection through a random, static contact network. Individuals choose whether to vaccinate based on infection risks from neighbors, and based on vaccine risks. When neighborhood size is small, rational vaccinating behavior results in rapid containment of the infection through voluntary ring vaccination. As neighborhood size increases (while the average force of infection is held constant), a threshold is reached beyond which the infection can break through partially vaccinated rings, percolating through the whole population and resulting in considerable epidemic final sizes and a large number vaccinated. The former outcome represents convergence between individually and socially optimal outcomes, whereas the latter represents their divergence, as observed in most models of individual vaccinating behavior that assume homogeneous mixing. Similar effects are observed in an extended model using smallpox-specific natural history and transmissibility assumptions. This work illustrates the significant qualitative differences between behavior-infection dynamics in discrete contact-structured populations versus continuous unstructured populations. This work also shows how disease eradicability in populations where voluntary vaccination is the primary control mechanism may depend partly on whether the disease is transmissible only to a few close social contacts or to a larger subset of the population.
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PMID:Social contact networks and disease eradicability under voluntary vaccination. 1919 42

This study identified the type and number of doses of vaccine purchased, distributed, and administered in community pharmacies. Telephone interviews were conducted with 1704 community pharmacies in 17 states (response rate=69.1%). The 17-state population-level projections reveal that about 10% of hepatitis A, hepatitis B, meningococcal, MMR, and tetanus-containing vaccines for adults were administered in pharmacies and 90% were distributed to other sources for administration during July 2004-June 2005. Further, 24.1% of diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis for children (DTaP), 30.4% of influenza, 36.2% of pneumococcal polysaccharide, and 68.1% of travel vaccines in pharmacy inventory were administered in pharmacies, while the rest of vaccine doses were distributed to other immunizers.
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PMID:Community pharmacy involvement in vaccine distribution and administration. 1942 95

In recent years, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) has recommended three newly licensed vaccines: meningococcal conjugate vaccine (MCV4; 1 dose); tetanus, diphtheria, acellular pertussis vaccine (Tdap; 1 dose); and (for girls) quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine (HPV4; 3 doses). ACIP also recommends that adolescents receive recommended vaccinations that were missed during childhood: measles, mumps, rubella vaccine (MMR; 2 doses); hepatitis B vaccine (HepB; 3 doses); and varicella vaccine (VAR; 2 doses). Since 2006, CDC has conducted the National Immunization Survey-Teen (NIS-Teen) to estimate vaccination coverage from a national sample of adolescents aged 13-17 years. This report summarizes results from the 2008 NIS-Teen and, for the first time, includes estimates for each of the 50 states and selected local areas. Nationally, vaccination coverage for the three most recently recommended adolescent vaccinations and one childhood vaccination increased from 2007 to 2008: MCV4 (from 32.4% to 41.8%), Tdap (from 30.4% to 40.8%), >/=1 dose of HPV4 (from 25.1% to 37.2%), and >/=2 doses of VAR among those without disease history (from 18.8% to 34.1%). However, substantial variability in vaccination coverage was observed in 2008 among state and local areas and by race/ethnicity and poverty status. For the first time, the Healthy People 2010 target of 90% coverage among adolescents aged 13-15 years was met for MMR and HepB. Public health agencies should continue annual monitoring of adolescent vaccination coverage levels to identify trends and differences by geographic area, race/ethnicity, and poverty status.
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PMID:National, state, and local area vaccination coverage among adolescents aged 13-17 years--United States, 2008. 1976 75

In England, uptake of the second dose of MMR (against measles, mumps, rubella), and dTaP/IPV or DTaP/IPV booster (against diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio), is lower than that of the primary course. The Immunisation Beliefs and Intentions Measure (IBIM), based on the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) and qualitative interviews, was used to predict parents' intentions to take preschoolers for these recommended vaccinations. Parents from 43 child groups in southern England were randomised to receiving questions about either MMR (N=193) or dTaP/IPV (N=159). Overall, 255 parents fully completed TPB-based items. Regression analyses revealed that parental attitudes about the protective benefits of immunising and perceived behavioural control were strong, reliable predictors of intention to immunise with MMR. For dTaP/IPV, perceived protective benefits and number of children reliably predicted intention to immunise. Differences between parents with 'maximum immunisation intentions' and those with 'less than maximum intentions' are described. The IBIM appears to be a useful measure for predicting parents' intentions to immunise preschoolers. Implications for improving uptake are discussed.
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PMID:The Immunisation Beliefs and Intentions Measure (IBIM): predicting parents' intentions to immunise preschool children. 2020 84

The Advisory Committee for Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommends that adolescents routinely receive the following vaccines: meningococcal conjugate (MenACWY, 1 dose); tetanus, diphtheria, acellular pertussis (Tdap, 1 dose); and (for females) human papillomavirus (HPV, 3 doses). Adolescents also should receive the following recommended vaccinations they missed during childhood: measles, mumps, rubella (MMR, 2 doses); hepatitis B (HepB, 3 doses); and varicella (VAR, 2 doses). Since 2006, CDC has conducted the National Immunization Survey--Teen (NIS-Teen) to estimate vaccination coverage among adolescents aged 13-17 years. This report summarizes results from 2009 NIS-Teen and updates data from 2008 NIS-Teen. Comparing 2009 with 2008, vaccination coverage among adolescents for the three routinely administered adolescent vaccines increased for Tdap (from 40.8% to 55.6%), MenACWY (from 41.8% to 53.6%), >or=1 dose of HPV (from 37.2% to 44.3%), and >or=3 doses of HPV (from 17.9% to 26.7%). Vaccination coverage varied widely among states; four states (Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Rhode Island) had coverage of >60% for all three of the routinely administered adolescent vaccines (Tdap, MenACWY, and HPV). Nationally, Healthy People 2010 vaccination objectives of 90% coverage among adolescents aged 13-15 years were met for >or=3 doses of HepB and >or=1 dose of VAR. Coverage with routine adolescent vaccines is increasing; however, more effort, including identification and dissemination of successful state-based practices, is needed to continue to increase the number of adolescents vaccinated according to ACIP recommendations.
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PMID:National, state, and local area vaccination coverage among adolescents aged 13-17 years --- United States, 2009. 2072 68


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