Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0043167 (pertussis)
 19,595 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A new oral macrolide, clarithromycin (TE-031, A-56268), was evaluated for its safety, efficacy and pharmacokinetics in 33 children. TE-031 was effective in all cases of mycoplasmal pneumonia, pneumococcal pneumonia, streptococcal pharyngitis, pertussis and Campylobacter gastroenteritis. The pharmacokinetic availability of TE-031 granule and tablets was much better than the older macrolides; serum half-lives of TE-031 averaged 3.2 +/- 0.25 hours (for the granule preparation). No clinical adverse reaction was encountered, but cases of transient mild elevation of the serum GPT (2 cases) and eosinophilia (2 cases) were encountered. From these preliminary data, TE-031 seems to have a place in the treatment of pediatric infectious diseases.
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PMID:[Clinical evaluation of clarithromycin, a new macrolide antibiotic in children]. 252 41

Clarithromycin (TE-031, A-56268) is a new 14-membered ring macrolide antibiotic developed by Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. TE-031 has a methoxy group at position 6 in its structure. In the present study, we carried out laboratory and clinical investigations on TE-031 in the field of pediatrics. The obtained results are summarized as follows. The antibacterial activity of TE-031 was investigated against 16 clinically isolated strains of Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenzae, Bordetella pertussis and Campylobacter jejuni. TE-031 showed antibacterial activity comparable to erythromycin. The pattern of changes in TE-031 concentrations in the blood after administration was investigated. In subjects administered the granular preparation of TE-031, Cmax values were 0.64 micrograms/ml in 1 subject given a 5 mg/kg dosage, and 5.94 and 9.02 micrograms/ml in 2 subjects administered with 10 mg/kg. The tablet form of TE-031 was administered to 3 subjects at 5 mg/kg, and Cmax values were 2.09-3.92 micrograms/ml, while T 1/2 values were in a range of 2.9-3.8 hours. When drug concentrations in the urine were investigated, it was found that 6-hour recovery rates were 9.9% (dose: 5 mg/kg) and 53.4% (dose: 10 mg/kg) in the subjects administered the granular form, whereas recovery rates averaged 36.8% in the tablet-administered subjects. In the clinical trial, TE-031 was administered in 2-3 doses/day for 2-18 days. In cases given the granular form, dosages were 12-38 mg/kg/day, while tablets were administered at 12-29 mg/kg/day. The overall clinical efficacy rate was 92.8%, i.e., the drug was effective in 64 of 69 patients. TE-031 was ineffective in 1 case of otitis media, but efficacious in 10 of 10 (100%) cases of upper respiratory infection, 15 of 18 (83.3%) cases of bronchitis and pneumonia, 5 of 6 (83.3%) cases of pertussis, 13 of 13 (100%) cases of mycoplasmal pneumonia, 4 of 4 (100%) cases of Chlamydia psittaci pneumonia, 16 of 16 (100%) cases of gastroenteritis (including 15 cases of Campylobacter gastroenteritis), and 1 (100%) case of impetigo. In bacteriological studies conducted on the patients, the overall elimination rate was 93.1%, i.e., bacterial elimination was obtained in 27 of 29 cases. TE-031 showed especially good bacteriological efficacy (100%) against C. jejuni and B. pertussis, which were eliminated from all of 15 and 2 cases examined, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:[Laboratory and clinical studies on clarithromycin in pediatrics]. 252 42

Laboratory and clinical studies on clarithromycin (TE-031, A-56268), a new macrolide antibiotic, were carried out in the field of pediatrics. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. Serum concentrations, urinary concentrations and urinary recovery rates were determined upon oral administration on fasting of TE-031 at doses of 5 mg/kg granules in 1 case and tablets in 2 cases, and 10 mg/kg granules in 1 and 15 mg/kg granules in 1. Peak serum levels were obtained at 30 minutes in 2 cases, at 1 hour in 2 cases and at 2 hours in 1 case after administration of the drug with a range of 2.29-7.10 micrograms/ml with half-lives of 2.2-7.5 hours. Urinary recovery rates in 6 hours after administration ranged from 7.1-34.5%. 2. MICs of TE-031 against 49 clinical isolates (Streptococcus pyogenes 5 strains, Streptococcus pneumoniae 9, Staphylococcus aureus 3, Branhamella catarrhalis 4, Haemophilus influenzae 14, Haemophilus parainfluenzae 7, and Campylobacter jejuni 7) were compared with those of josamycin (JM), erythromycin (EM), and ampicillin (ABPC). The antibacterial activity of TE-031 was superior to those of JM and equal to those of EM. 3. Fifty-five pediatric patients with acute infectious diseases (scarlet fever 3 cases, pharyngitis and tonsillitis 15, pertussis 2, pneumonia 10, bronchitis 14, Campylobacter enteritis 11) were treated with TE-031 at daily doses of 10-35 mg/kg t.i.d. as a rule. The efficacy rates were 96% clinically and 72% bacteriologically. 4. Side effects or abnormal laboratory test values were not observed. 5. None of children refused TE-031.
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PMID:[Laboratory and clinical studies on clarithromycin in the field of pediatrics]. 252 45

Clarithromycin (TE-031, A-56268) was given orally to 25 children with acute bacterial infections including 5 with bronchitis, 8 with pneumonia, 4 with Mycoplasma pneumonia, 2 with pertussis and 6 with Campylobacter enteritis. Good to excellent clinical responses were obtained in 22 patients with bacterial eradication of all 10 strains. No side effect was observed. From the above clinical results, it appears that TE-031 is a useful antibiotic for the treatment of pediatrics with various bacterial infections.
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PMID:[Clinical observations with clarithromycin in pediatrics]. 252 54

Clarithromycin (TE-031, A-56268), a new macrolide antibiotic agent, was evaluated bacteriologically and clinically for its efficacy and safety in pediatrics by a study group organized with pediatricians from all over the country. A summary of the results of the evaluation is as follows. 1. Absorption and excretion Pharmacokinetics of TE-031 was examined by single oral administration of 10% granules and 50 mg tablets at doses of 1, 5, 10 and 15 mg/kg. There were no significant differences between 10% granules and 50 mg tablets, and between administrations before and after meal. Peaks and half-life periods of blood level of TE-031 given once at doses of 5, 10 and 15 mg/kg (10% granules) before meal were 1.58, 4.37 and 3.79 micrograms/ml, and 2.53, 3.17 and 2.20 hours, respectively, and the urinary excretion in 6 hours after the administration were about 20-30%. 2. Antibacterial effects TE-031 was proved to have excellent antibacterial effect, i.e., inhibiting growth over 80% of strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus pyogenes at 0.10 micrograms/ml, Branhamella catarrhalis at 0.39 micrograms/ml, and Campylobacter jejuni at 0.78 micrograms/ml. Against Staphylococcus aureus, TE-031 showed very similar activity spectrum to EM, and EM resistant strains were also resistant to TE-031. 3. Clinical results A total of 764 cases was studied. Clinical effects of TE-031 were evaluated in 717 cases out of the 764, excluding drop-outs and cases which did not meet specified protocols. Clinically, efficacies of TE-031 were "excellent" in 265 cases and "good" in 161 cases out of 453 cases of Group A in which causal agents were identified, with an efficacy rate of 94.0%, and out of 264 cases of Group B in which pathogens were not detected, clinical effects of TE-031 were "excellent" in 115 cases and "good" in 124 cases, with an efficacy rate of 90.5%. In terms of clinical effects of TE-031 classified by diseases when Group A and B were combined, efficacy rates were 91.6% for upper respiratory tract infection (217/237), 90.0% for bacterial pneumonia (108/120), 97.4% for Mycoplasma pneumonia (111/114), 100% for Chlamydia pneumonia (4/4), 85.0% for pertussis (34/40), 100% for scarlet fever (16/16), 83.9% for skin and soft tissue infection (26/31), and 98.9% for Campylobacter enteritis (87/88).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:[Bacteriological, pharmacokinetic and clinical studies on clarithromycin in the pediatric field. Pediatric Study Group of Clarithromycin]. 252 59

Rokitamycin (RKM), a newly developed macrolide antibiotic with a 16-membered ring, dissolves well under acidic conditions. It has been improved over other macrolides to minimize individual variations in its absorbability. We measured, using the GA-test, variations in gastric acidities of 43 children with ages between 1 to 14 years, and investigated the relationship between gastric acidities and pharmacokinetic values. Also activities (expressed in MICs) of antimicrobial agents were studied against clinically isolated 229 bacterial strains using an inoculum size of 10(6) cells/ml. Tested organisms included Streptococcus pyogenes (77 strains), Streptococcus agalactiae (29), Streptococcus pneumoniae (2), as Gram-positive cocci, and Haemophilus influenzae (1), Haemophilus parainfluenzae (1), Bordetella pertussis (12), Salmonella sp. (4) and Campylobacter jejuni (103) as Gram-negative bacilli. Against stock strains of bacteria, MICs of 10 drugs (RKM, erythromycin (EM), josamycin (JM), midecamycin (MDM), midecamycin acetate (MOM), clindamycin (CLDM), amoxicillin (AMPC), cefaclor (CCL), minocycline, ofloxacin (OFLX] were determined. Against isolates from patients who underwent treatment with RKM, MICs of only 4 drugs (RKM, EM, JM, MOM) were determined. Measurements were made on plasma and urinary concentrations of RKM and its urinary recovery rates after patients including 6 boys with ages between 5 years 1 month and 11 years 6 months were administered with RKM (dry syrup). Two groups of 6 boys were administered between meals with RKM at dose levels of 5 and 10 mg/kg, respectively. Clinical and bacteriological effects of RKM were evaluated for 175 patients including 5 cases of pharyngitis, 3 tonsillitis, 32 pneumonia, 17 mycoplasmal pneumonia, 34 atypical pneumonia, 28 streptococcal infections, 29 Campylobacter enteritis, 4 Salmonella gastroenteritis, and 23 enteritis due to unknown organisms. Five drop-out cases were excluded from the evaluations. In the evaluable cases, an average dose level used was 31.8 mg/kg/day, with a daily dose divided into 3 to 4 administrations and with an average treatment duration of 9 days. Adverse reactions of RKM and its effects on laboratory test values were investigated in these patients including the drop out cases. Obtained results of these studies are summarized below. 1. The GA-test produced pH values indicating that amounts of gastric acid were mostly either normal or high in 42 of the 43 subjects tested (97.7%), and only one low acid case (2.3%) was observed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:[Microbiological, pharmacokinetic and clinical studies of rokitamycin dry syrup in the pediatric field]. 305 Jan 86

A total of 22 patients with acute pediatric infections was treated with rokitamycin (TMS-19-Q, RKM) dry syrup, a new macrolide antibiotic developed by Toyo Jozo Co., Ltd., Ohhito, Japan, to investigate its clinical efficacy. 1. A girl of an age 4 years 2 months (weighing 16.5 kg) was administered orally 10 mg/kg of RKM, and a boy of an age 8 years 7 months (weighing 24.5 kg), 15 mg/kg, and blood concentrations of RKM in these subjects were measured to investigate its absorption and excretion. Blood concentrations of the drug reached a peak of 0.84 microgram/ml in an hour after the administration in the girl, 0.72 microgram/ml in 30 minutes in the boy, with T1/2 of 0.86 and 1.82 hours, respectively. Their 6-hour cumulative urinary recovery rates were 2.79 and 2.13%, respectively. 2. A total of 20 patients was treated with RKM dry syrup. These patients included 3 with acute pharyngitis, one with acute tonsillitis, 4 with hemolytic streptococcal infections, 7 with acute bronchitis, 2 with pneumonia, another 2 with pertussis, and one with Campylobacter enteritis. The treatment was effective in 18 of them with a clinical efficacy of 90.0%. 3. Bacteriological responses to RKM dry syrup were as follows: eradication of pathogens in 5, pathogens decreased in 3, and no changes were observed in 3 of 12 patients from whom pathogens had been isolated prior to the treatment, thus the eradication rate was 45.5% with the exception of 1 patient whose bacteriological response was unknown.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Clinical study of rokitamycin dry syrup in pediatrics]. 317 59

Erythromycin, first introduced for clinical use 30 years ago, was found to be effective for the treatment of gram-positive bacterial infections. Emergence of resistance and the advent of penicillinase-resistant penicillins limited the use of erythromycin for serious staphylococcal infections; however, erythromycin remains among the drugs of choice for the treatment of acne, infections of the skin and soft tissues, streptococcal pharyngitis, bronchitis, pneumonitis, diphtheria, carriers of pertussis, and, when administered with a sulfonamide, otitis media. Erythromycin is the drug of choice for the empiric treatment of outpatients with pneumonitis. Erythromycin is also the drug of choice for the treatment of Legionella pneumonia and is effective therapy for Chlamydia infections. Other uses of erythromycin include prophylaxis for elective colon operations and treatment of Campylobacter enteritis, genitourinary infections, and some sexually transmitted diseases.
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PMID:Erythromycin: a microbial and clinical perspective after 30 years of clinical use (2). 388 13

Azithromycin (AZM) in fine granules was studied for its pharmacokinetics and clinical efficacies in eight child patients with ages between 1 month and 8 years. Informed consent was received from all of their parents. AZM was administered to the patients once a day at a dose of 10 mg/kg for 3 days. The clinical efficacies of AZM in 8 patients with microbial infections (pneumonia in one, Mycoplasma pneumonia in two, acute tonsillitis in one, pertussis in one, Campylobacter enteritis in one, infectious enteritis in one, Salmonella enteritis in one) were evaluated as "excellent" in five cases, "good" in two and "not evaluable" in one. As for the microbial efficacy, isolated strains were eradicated in 2 out of 3 patients. No adverse reaction was found except for one case with abnormal laboratory change, that is mildly increased GPT value. Plasma samples were collected from 3 cases. The elimination half-life of AZM was 45.8 hours. AUC0-infinity was 12.6 micrograms.hr/ml. Urine sample was collected from one. AZM concentration in urine was 35.0 micrograms/ml during a period between 48 and 72 hours after the start of treatment.
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PMID:[Pharmacokinetic, bacteriological and clinical studies on azithromycin in children]. 910 80

Macrolide antibiotics are considered the drug of choice for many clinically significant infections in children, including mycoplasma pneumonia, chlamydial infections, pertussis, and campylobacter enteritis. In addition, they are frequently the first alternative in patients allergic to penicillin. Therefore, they are medications with which pediatric nurses should be familiar. Although effective antibiotics, some of the macrolide antibiotics have an extensive drug interaction profile. It is imperative that pediatric nurses be familiar with these drug interactions to safely treat their patients.
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PMID:Macrolide antibiotics. 983 3


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