Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0043167 (pertussis)
 19,595 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Cefteram pivoxil (CFTM-PI, T-2588), a new oral cephem antibiotic of ester type, was evaluated for its safety, efficacy and pharmacokinetics. 1. One child, 4 years of age (18 kg body weight), was administered orally 3 mg/kg after meal. The peak serum level of CFTM was 0.78 microgram/ml after 2 hours, and cumulative urinary excretion rate during the first 6 hours was 15.0%. 2. Clinical studies on CFTM-PI were carried out in 17 pediatric patients; 1 with acute pharyngitis, 2 with acute tonsillitis, 1 each with pertussis, acute bronchitis, 2 with broncho-pneumonia, 4 with scarlatina, 3 with acute otitis media, and 1 each with lymphadenitis, acrobystitis and urinary tract infection. Clinical responses were excellent in 9, good in 6, fair in 1, poor in 1, and the overall clinical efficacy rate was 88.2%. 3. Bacteriological efficacy was investigated with 10 strains of 5 species (Streptococcus pyogenes 4, Streptococcus pneumoniae 2, Haemophilus influenzae 2, Enterococcus and Bacteroides 1) isolated from 9 patients. All strains were eradicated. 4. As to adverse reactions, mild diarrhea was observed in 1 patient. But therapy had to be continued without procedure and the diarrhea disappeared after 6 days. No adverse hematological, renal or hepatic effects were noted.
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PMID:[A clinical study on cefteram pivoxil in the field of pediatrics]. 281 Jul 56

Infectious diseases are a primary cause of hearing impairment and produce about 25% of profound losses. Of these, one fifth are congenital. The major infections include rubella, cytomegalovirus, measles, pertussis, meningitis, and acute otitis media. Hearing loss from ototoxicity is also observed with a number of drugs, notably the aminoglycosides, loop diuretics, and cisplatin. Preventive measures are defined according to primary, secondary, and tertiary principles. Three principles of prevention are considered: direct action, defined objectives, and the variability of effective prevention according to cause.
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PMID:Prevention of hearing impairment from infection and ototoxic drugs. 298 88

Erythromycin, the prototypical macrolide, has been widely used since the 1950s in the management of pediatric infections. Erythromycin is the drug of choice for infants and children with Legionnaire's disease, pertussis, diphtheria, lower respiratory tract infections caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae and Chlamydia trachomatis and enteritis caused by Campylobacter jejuni. It is also indicated for treatment of syphilis; for streptococcal, staphylococcal and pneumococcal infections; genital infections caused by Ureaplasma urealyticum; and for the prevention of rheumatic fever and endocarditis in patients who are allergic to beta-lactam antibiotics. The new macrolides azithromycin and clarithromycin are also active against Borrelia burgdorferi, Helicobacter pylori, Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex, Cryptosporidium spp. and Toxoplasma gondii. Erythromycin is associated with a low risk of serious side effects, although gastric distress occurs in a significant proportion of patients. Drug interactions with theophylline, carbamazepine, warfarin, cyclosporine, terfenadine and digoxin limit erythromycin use. The newer macrolides azithromycin and clarithromycin are more stable, better absorbed and better tolerated than erythromycin. Azithromycin is more active than erythromycin against Haemophilus influenzae. Excellent tissue and intracellular penetration may contribute to their clinical efficacy. In children both azithromycin and clarithromycin are indicated for acute otitis media caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, H. influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis and for pharyngitis/tonsillitis caused by Streptococcus pyogenes. (As of December, 1996, azithromycin for oral suspension was approved for community-acquired pneumonia in children caused by C. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, M. pneumoniae and S. pneumoniae.) Claritromycin is also indicated for acute maxillary sinusitis, uncomplicated skin and skin structure infections, pneumonia and disseminated mycobacterial infections. Azithromycin and clarithromycin are associated with a lower incidence of gastrointestinal side effects, a low rate of drug discontinuation caused by side effects and a low potential for interaction with other drugs.
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PMID:History of macrolide use in pediatrics. 910 54

The rational prescribing of oral antimicrobial agents for bacterial infections in children who can be treated in an ambulatory setting is the subject of this review. First, restrictive use of antibacterials is advocated to avoid widespread development of bacterial resistance. The use of simple methods, suitable for office use, to discern viral from bacterial infections is recommended. Second, in selecting an antimicrobial agent, the physician should consider a number of distinctive features of each agent. Besides aspects of pharmacokinetics, antibacterial spectrum and tolerability, the number of daily doses and, of particular importance for children, the palatability of suspensions plays an important role in achieving patient compliance. Agents that can be administered once or twice daily and possess an agreeable taste in addition to proven efficacy, established tolerability and a reasonable price are to be preferred. Specific paediatric aspects in choosing among penicillins, cephalosporins, macrolides and other oral antibacterials are discussed. For pharmacoeconomic reasons, the optimal duration of antibacterial treatment and the role of short course therapy for various bacterial infections should be studied in more detail. Finally, rational antimicrobial treatment of common paediatric bacterial infections, such as streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis, acute otitis media, acute sinusitis, bacterial pneumonia, pertussis, Lyme borreliosis (early stage) and lower urinary tract infection is reviewed.
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PMID:Rational prescribing of antibacterials in ambulatory children. 1016 58

The Health Council of the Netherlands (Gezondheidsraad) assessed the vaccination of infants against both group-C meningococci and pneumococci in terms of general criteria and basic principles for inclusion in the national vaccination programme. Vaccination against meningococci C in the Netherlands is expected to prevent about 300 cases of meningococcal disease (meningitis or sepsis), 22 deaths and 12 cases of severe lasting problems (neurological problems or amputations) per year. Vaccination against pneumococci may prevent about 100 cases of meningitis or sepsis, 3200 cases of pneumonia, 36,000 cases of acute otitis media, 11 deaths, 11 cases of severe permanent damage (neurological problems, deafness) per year. The Health Council advised implementing vaccination against group-C meningococci as soon as possible, through 2 injections at the ages of 5 and 6 months or through 1 injection shortly after the child's first birthday, and to carry out a catch-up programme for all children and adolescents up to and including 18 years of age. The council also advised starting a vaccination programme against pneumococci, at ages 2, 3 and 4 months, as soon as the current vaccinations against diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis and polio and against Haemophilus influenzae type b are combined into 1 injection (in 2002 or 2003). In view of the concentration of pneumococci disease in the first years of life, a catch-up programme is not indicated in this case. The Health Council emphasised the importance of microbiological and clinical monitoring of potential adverse effects and of public education programmes. The cost of vaccination against group-C meningococci is comparable to that of other accepted programmes for primary prevention. Compared to other programmes and at the current vaccine price, the cost of vaccination against pneumococci is high.
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PMID:[Universal vaccination against group-C meningococci and pneumococci; summary of the advice from the Health Counsil of the Netherlands]. 1221 5

In the present retrospective register study a very large data base consisting of screening audiograms obtained at military conscription of 18-year-old Swedish men was used. The study group comprised 450,175 men, aged 18 years, tested at conscription to military service. There were nine age groups covering a 24-year period, from 1971 to 1995. This database was compared with a number of different pre- and postnatal factors with possible influence on the hearing function. This ecologic methodology gives tentative clues (but no proof) of possible ototraumatic influences. The hearing capacity was fairly similar during the entire span of the study and only small variations were observed. There was a slight tendency of better hearing capacity in the later age groups, compared with the earlier ones. The mean thresholds of the frequencies 4 and 6 kHz were slightly elevated in 1971, 1976 and, to some extent also in 1992. We tried to calculate the levels of leisure noise exposure during the study period. There was no apparent tendency of reduced noise levels, on the contrary the noise levels seemed to increase. The treatment programmes for acute otitis media (AOM) underwent considerable changes during the period from the early fifties to the early eighties, when the participants were pre-school children. One possible explanation for the slight improvement of the hearing capacity could be less ototraumatic influence of AOM. Data about the occurrence of four common epidemic diseases, covering the periods preceding and succeeding the years when the participants were born indicated that influenza and possibly pertussis (whooping cough), constitute putative prenatal risk factors for mild to moderate high frequency hearing loss.
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PMID:Hearing loss in young men: possible aetiological factors. 1751 94

Liguria was the first Italian Administrative Region, since 2003, to actively recommend free-of-charge immunisation, of all infants, with heptavalent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (PCV-7), within a research pilot-project. Vaccination coverage among infants rapidly increased from 42.8% in 2003 to 83.3% in 2004, progressively reaching levels of 93.4% in 2007. Two scientific projects have been carried out, aimed: (i) to assess the immunogenicity of PCV-7 and of a hexavalent vaccine Diphtheria-Tetanus-Trivalent Acellular Pertussis-Hepatitis B-Inactivated Polio Virus-Haemophilus influenzae type B (DTaP-HBV-IPV-Hib) when co-administered to healthy infants at 3, 5 and 11-12 months of age (routine schedule), and (ii) to evaluate the effect of the immunisation campaign in preventing pneumococcal-associated hospitalisations. Results in 151 infants showed the high immunogenicity of the vaccines, seroprotection rates, measured 1 month after the third dose, ranging between 97.3% (serotype 6 B) and 100% (serotypes 4 and 9 V) for PCV-7 and between 99.3% and 100% against common antigens of hexavalent vaccine. Monitoring nearly 70,000 children, aged 0-24 months, during the period 2000-2007, and comparing hospitalisation rates occurred in subjects belonging to birth cohorts before and after the introduction of widespread immunisation, a significant decline for all-cause and pneumococcal pneumonia and for acute otitis media was observed, with preventive fractions of 15.2%, 70.5% and 36.4%, respectively.
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PMID:Universal childhood immunisation against Streptococcus pneumoniae: the five-year experience of Liguria Region, Italy. 1920 Aug 23

The pneumococcal polysaccharide protein D-conjugate vaccine (PHiD-CV; Synflorix) contains ten capsular polysaccharide serotypes from the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae, eight of which are conjugated to a nonlipidated cell-surface liporotein (protein D) of non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) and two of which are conjugated to either tetanus or diphtheria toxoid. In a three-dose primary vaccination schedule in infants aged <6 months, PHiD-CV elicited high immune responses against all pneumococcal serotypes contained in the vaccine and was noninferior to an approved 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (7vCRM) for eight of the ten serotypes (five of the seven common to both vaccines). Moreover, functional antibodies were elicited against all vaccine serotypes in an opsonophagocytic activity (OPA) assay. A fourth booster dose of PHiD-CV during the second year of life elicited an anamnestic response against all ten pneumococcal serotypes, as determined by both antibody concentrations and OPA titers. There were no clinically relevant changes in the immunogenicity of PHiD-CV when coadministered with meningococcal serogroup C conjugate or pentavalent whole cell pertussis combination vaccines, and polio vaccines using two different primary vaccination schedules. 11Pn-PD, an 11-valent prototype of PHiD-CV, demonstrated protection against episodes of acute otitis media (AOM) caused by S. pneumoniae and NTHi in infants aged <27 months. The first occurrence of an episode of AOM caused by pneumococcal vaccine serotypes was reduced by 52.6% in 11Pn-PD vaccinees compared with recipients of a control vaccine (primary endpoint). The tolerability profile of PHiD-CV was generally similar to that of 7vCRM.
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PMID:Pneumococcal polysaccharide protein D-conjugate vaccine (Synflorix; PHiD-CV). 1972

Paediatric infectious diseases have been reported since Hippocrates, and were always closely linked with the evolution of medicine. Current insights and recommendations by the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Group of Switzerland for the management of common paediatric diseases, such as acute otitis media, pharyngitis, and acute viral gastroenteritis are reviewed. The emergence of "old" vaccine-preventable diseases - pertussis and measles - is also discussed. Furthermore, the impact of the appearance of new hosts in paediatric - very low birthweight infants, immunosuppressed patients - is evaluated. Finally, new emerging paediatric infectious diseases caused by newly discovered viruses, such as human metapneumovirus, human bocavirus, or human coronavirus NL63 are explored. This overview gives a general idea on some topics that are currently significant and specific to paediatric infectious diseases.
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PMID:Infections in pediatrics: old and new diseases. 2284 21

Upper respiratory tract infections account for millions of visits to family physicians each year in the United States. Although warranted in some cases, antibiotics are greatly overused. This article outlines the guidelines and indications for appropriate antibiotic use for common upper respiratory infections. Early antibiotic treatment may be indicated in patients with acute otitis media, group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis, epiglottitis, or bronchitis caused by pertussis. Persistent cases of rhinosinusitis may necessitate the use of antibiotics if symptoms persist beyond a period of observation. Antibiotics should not be considered in patients with the common cold or laryngitis. Judicious, evidence-based use of antibiotics will help contain costs and prevent adverse effects and drug resistance.
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PMID:Antibiotic use in acute upper respiratory tract infections. 2354 46


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