Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0043167 (pertussis)
 19,595 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) is a component of the Child Survival Project (CSP). Its objective is to reduce the incidence rates of measles, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, tuberculosis, and poliomyelitis by increasing effective vaccination coverage. In 1991, CSP/EPI developed a national plan to introduce national immunization of infants against hepatitis B, which is an endemic disease in Egypt. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) causes acute hepatitis and chronic liver disease. Studies have shown that by maturity most of the population has been infected with hepatitis A and greater than 50% with hepatitis B. The recommended series of 3 intramuscular doses of hepatitis B vaccine induces a protective antibody response (anti HBs) in 90% of healthy adults and 95% of infants, children, and adolescents. Several studies have shown that the currently licensed vaccines produce high rates of seroconversion ( 95%) and induce adequate levels of anti HBs when administered to infants at 2 months, 4 months, and 6 months of age. Scheduling was adjusted to coincide with the currently adopted 2, 4, and 6 month vaccination schedule for oral poliomyelitis virus (OPV) and diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus (DPT) to allow a delay of vaccination from 2 to 3 months following birth. Long term studies of healthy adults and children indicate the immunologic memory remains intact for at least 9 years and confers protection against HBV infection even though anti HBs levels may decline below detectable levels. Safety of hepatitis B vaccines has been verified through experience with millions of doses administered worldwide after licensure. Pain at the injection site (3-29%) and a temperature greater than 37.7 degrees Celsius have been the most frequently reported side effects among adults and children. Nearly 90% of children and 96% of newborns had no reactions to the vaccine. Any presumed risk of adverse events must be balanced against the expected risk of acute and chronic liver disease associated with hepatitis B virus infection.
 ...
PMID:Integration of hepatitis B immunization in the Expanded Program on Immunization of the Child Survival Project. 777 76

A neonate presenting to the emergency department can present a challenge to even the most experienced clinician. This article has focused on four deceiving and potentially devastating neonatal diseases. 1. Neonatal herpes is a potentially devastating illness without pathognomonic signs or symptoms. Early recognition and therapy can reduce mortality markedly. Although no specific sign or symptom is diagnostic,the diagnosis should be strongly considered in the presence of HSV risk factors, atypical sepsis, unexplained acute hepatitis, or focal seizure activity. Acyclovir therapy should be initiated before viral dissemination or significant CNS replication occurs. 2. Pertussis is a disease in which infants are at greatest risk of death or severe complication. Neonatal pertussis often presents in an atypical manner, lacking the classic signs and symptoms such as the "whoop."More common signs and symptoms include cough, feeding difficulty,low-grade fever, emesis, increasing respiratory distress, apnea, cyanosis,and seizures. Management should include hospitalization, supportive care, and antibiotics. 3. Congenital heart defects, particularly ductal-dependent lesions, may have an initial asymptomatic period that culminates in a rapidly progressive and fatal course. A neonate with CHD presents with shock refractory to volume resuscitation or pressor support. Resuscitative efforts are ineffective unless PGE, is administered. 4. Inborn errors of metabolism often are unsuspected because of their protean and heterogeneous nature. Signs and symptoms are subtle,are nonspecific, and often mimic other, more common diseases.An elevated index of suspicion, along with application and correct interpretation of a select few laboratory tests, is the key to making a diagnosis. Therapy is relatively straightforward and focused on resuscitation followed by prevention of catabolism and correction of specifically identified abnormalities. Although these disorders are relatively uncommon, prompt diagnosis and therapy can lead to a decrease in morbidity and mortality. The key is to maintain a high index of suspicion.
 ...
PMID:Unsuspected neonatal killers in emergency medicine. 1547 77

Cost/benefit analysis could be an important approach in improving the decisional process in public health. We used the direct benefit/cost analysis and clinical cases of measles, acute hepatitis B, pertussis, and tetanus notified in North-West Romania to evaluate the results of immunization programs against such diseases. The numbers of potentially occurring cases of diphtheria were evaluated based on incidence data published in literature. The Excel under Windows 2000 software has been used to process the data. The benefit/cost rates of mass immunization programs were of 5.5 for measles, 9.5 for acute hepatitis B, 5.8 for pertussis, 71.1 for tetanus and 192.5 for diphtheria. The rate was low for measles because of the occurring outbreaks, for pertussis because of prevailing mild clinical cases, and for hepatitis B because only clinical cases were counted. The immunization programs against tetanus and diphtheria had the most relevant economic advantages.
 ...
PMID:[Cost-benefit analysis of immunizations programs in north-west Romania]. 1600 31

We studied food and water-borne diseases (FWDs), sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), vector-borne diseases (VBDs) and diseases vaccinated against in the Swedish childhood vaccination programme among Swedish international travellers, in order to identify countries associated with a high number of infections. We used the national database for notifiable infections to estimate the number of FWDs (campylobacteriosis, salmonellosis, giardiasis, shigellosis, EHEC, Entamoeba histolytica, yersinosis, hepatitis A, paratyphoid fever, typhoid fever, hepatitis E, listeriosis, cholera), STIs (chlamydia, gonorrhoea and acute hepatitis B), VBDs (dengue fever, malaria, West Nile fever, Japanese encephalitis and yellow fever) and diseases vaccinated against in the Swedish childhood vaccination programme (pertussis, measles, mumps, rubella, diphtheria) acquired abroad 2009-2013. We obtained number and duration of trips to each country from a database that monthly collects travel data from a randomly selected proportion of the Swedish population. We calculated number of infections per country 2009-2013 and incidence/million travel days for the five countries with the highest number of infections. Thailand had the highest number of FWDs (7,697, incidence 191/million travel days), STIs (1,388, incidence 34/million travel days) and VBDs (358, incidence 9/million travel days). France had the highest number of cases of diseases vaccinated against in the Swedish childhood vaccination programme (8, 0.4/million travel days). Swedish travellers contracted most infections in Thailand. Special focus should be placed on giving advice to travellers to this destination.
 ...
PMID:Self-reported infections during international travel and notifiable infections among returning international travellers, Sweden, 2009-2013. 2875 71