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Query: UMLS:C0043167 (pertussis)
 19,595 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The present paper indicates a number of unresolved problems in the metabolism of Bordetella pertussis and in the standardization of pertussis vaccines. The use of chemically defined media should enable the metabolic problems to be clarified. The problems concerned with the control and standardization of vaccines can largely be resolved in the laboratory with the introduction of reference preparations but the question of the reactivity of vaccine remains for the future.
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PMID:Pertussis vaccine--fact and fiction. 20 69

Over a 2-year period 67 strains of Bordetella pertussis were identified in 231 single specimens of nasopharyngeal secretions submitted from patients suspected to have whooping cough in the National Capital Region; 89.5% of the identifications were made by culture. Serotype 1,3 was predominant. At least 75% of the patients with bacteriologically confirmed whooping cough had not been fully immunized. There was no evidence that adenoviruses or other viruses played any important etiologic role in the 204 cases of whooping cough or whooping cough syndrome studied virologically.
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PMID:Bordetella pertussis in the National Capital Region: prevalent serotype and immunization status of patients. 20 75

The biological activities were studied of a new protein, islets-activating protein (IAP), purified from the culture medium of Bordetella pertussis. Rats injected intravenously with 1 microgram of purified IAP exhibited markedly enhanced insulin secretory responses to glucose, glucagon, epinephrine, and sulfonylureas over a period from 3 to 10 days after the injection. The degree and duration of the enhancement were proportional to the dose of IAP; the maximal effect induced by 1-2 microgram of IAP persisted for as long as 2 months. There was a highly significant correlation between the enhancement of insulin secretion and suppression of epinephrine hyperglycemia over a wide range of doses of IAP, indicating that suppression of epinephrine hyperglycemia resulted from hypoglycemic action of insulin secreted in response to epinephrine challenge. Additional actions of IAP were observed in mice; mice treated with higher doses of IAP showed symptoms were observed when lower doses of IAP were injected into mice. Thus, it is concluded that IAP is a protein primarily possessing a unique action to potentiate insulin secretory responses of experimental animals to nutritional and hormonal stimuli.
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PMID:Biological properties of islets-activating protein (IAP) purified from the culture medium of Bordetella pertussis. 20 75

Sixty-five patients with pertussis were identified by a clinical criterion, and Bordetella pertussis was isolated from 75% of these patients or their symptomatic household contacts. Negative nasopharyngeal cultures were usually associated with either a history of antibiotic therapy with erythromycin or tetracycline (two of three patients), two or more diphtheria and tetanus toxoids with pertussis (DTP) vaccines (six of eight patients), or both (two of three patients). Erythromycin therapy resulted in the elimination of B. pertussis from the nasopharynx in 2 to 7 days (mean, 3.6 days) compared with 7 to 17 or more days (mean, greater than 12 days) in patients treated with no antibiotics, but had no effect on the duration or severity of illness as judged by length of hospitalization. Adenoviruses were recovered from five of 44 patients cultured. Four of these isolates were from throat swabs obtained early in the illness and the remaining isolate was from one of 33 repeated viral cultures obtained two to three weeks later; B. pertussis was also isolated from these five patients. Paired serum samples were obtained from only two of these patients. Neither demonstrated a fourfold rise in adenoviral complement-fixing antibodies. Therefore, in these patients, adenoviral isolation may have been secondary to reactivation of a latent viral infection by infection with B. pertussis.
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PMID:The role of antibiotics, immunizations, and adenoviruses in pertussis. 20 99

Pertussis vaccines vary in quality, safety, and efficacy according to the production strains of Bordetella pertussis, the method of manufacture, and quality control procedures. It is therefore not justifiable to combine information on the incidence, nature, and severity of reactions after all manufacturers' pertussis vaccines as if they were a single product. Attempts were made to collect information on all suspected cases of severe reactions that occurred after administration of about 15 million doses of Wellcome pertussis vaccines in the United Kingdom and Northern Ireland from 1964 to mid-1977. Altogether six deaths, six neurological reactions with sequelae, and 17 convulsions without sequelae were reported, but some were clearly not attributable to the vaccine, while, in other cases, the available information was inadequate for assessing the role of vaccination. Neurological disorders, similar to those reported in a few children after pertussis vaccination, occur unexpectedly in apparently healthy infants at the recommended age for immunisation, so chance association between vaccination and these events can be expected in some children. The Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation has made several recommendations aimed at reducing severe reactions after pertussis vaccination. These include replacing plain vaccine with aluminium-adsorbed vaccine, but there is no clear evidence that the aluminium-adsorbed vaccine produces fewer reactions than the plain.There are difficulties enough in deciding the cause of events that occur after vaccination, since these reactions often occur naturally in children of vaccination age. The task is made even harder by the assumption that various manufacturers' vaccines are the same and the lack of information available to manufacturers about cases in which their vaccine has been implicated. Information on vaccines administered is entered on immunisation records cards; it should be used and referred to if reactions occur.
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PMID:Reactions after pertussis vaccine: a manufacturer's experiences and difficulties since 1964. 20 5

The endotoxin of Bordetella pertussis was cleaved by mild acidic hydrolysis to yield a polysaccharide (polysaccharide I, 15%), a glycolipid (63%) and lipid X (2%). Further treatment of the glycolipid with stronger acid released a second polysaccharide (polysaccharide II, 9%) and material similar to lipid A present in enterobacterial endotoxins. Both polysaccharides possess a single molecule of 3-deoxy-2-octulosonic acid as the reducing, terminal sugar. In polysaccharide II the octulosonic acid is phosphorylated in position 5 and presumably substituted in position 4; in polysaccharide I the octulosonic acid is not phosphorylated, but is substituted in position 5. Following treatment of the endotoxin with strong base, a fragment was isolated that contained bound, non-phosphorylated 3-deoxy-2-octulosonic acid, glucosamine phosphate and fatty acids. This indicated that polysaccharide I, like polysaccharide II, was bound to the lipid region of the endotoxin. The endotoxin structure thus defined is different from that proposed for the lipopolysaccharides of enterobacteria.
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PMID:A novel type of endotoxin structure present in Bordetella pertussis. Isolation of two different polysaccharides bound to lipid A. 20 14

An acute phase of experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG) occurs transiently early in the immune response of Lewis rats to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (AChR) when Bordetella pertussis is used as adjuvant. It is characterized by a destructive cellular attack directed at the postsynaptic membranes of muscle. Acute EAMG can be passively transferred to normal rats by IgG from serum of rats with chronic EAMG. In the present study, acute EAMG, induced either by passive transfer of syngeneic antibodies or by active immmunization, was inhibited in rats depleted of complement by treatment with cobra venom factor (CoF). Furthermore, passive transfer of antibodies in excess of the muscle's content of AChR was without any measurable effect in rats treated with CoF. Although 60% of the muscle's AChR was complexed with antibody, there was no reduction in the muscle's content of AChR, and neuromuscular transmission was not compromised as judged electromyographically by curare sensitivity. These data imply that redistribution, accelerated degradation, and impairment of the ionophore function of AChR, effects of antibodies described in vitro on extrajunctional AChR, do not play a significant role in vivo in impairing neuromuscular transmission in an intact neuromuscular junction. Complement appears to be a critical mediator of anti-AChR antibodies' pathogenicity in vivo.
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PMID:Role of complement in the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis. 20 48

The influence of killed Bordetella pertussis cells (B.p.) on the cell-mediated resistance of mice against infection with virulent germs of Listeria monocytogenes has been studied. Resistance of mice was decreased, when 3 X 10(9) B.p. were injected 1 day before, simultaneously with or 1 day after infection, resulting in augmented amounts of viable Listeriae recovered from the spleens 3 days after infection (figure 1). The LD50 was strongly reduced (Table 1). Transfer of immune spleen cells to recipient mice, which had been treated 1 day previously with 3 X 10(9)B.p., did not support resistance definitely (Table 2). Therefore, it can be concluded that probably the macrophage system was impaired just after B.p. injection. When, however, B.p. were given several days before infection, resistance was increased. A maximum of resistance enhancement was seen 7-14 days after B.p. treatment. Thereafter, this beneficial effect gradually decreased but persisted for at least 67 days (figure 1). This resistance enhancing effect of B.p. was surely not due to adjuvant effect of B.p. on the T-lymphocyte-mediated immune reaction to Listeriae, since in B.p.-pretreated mice the development of immunity during the primary infection to a secondary listeric infection has even been lacking (Table 3). It is more likely that the macrophage system was stimulated at this time by B.p. In mice treated 7 days prior to infection the elimination of Listeriae from the spleens was supported from the very beginning of the infection (figure 2).
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PMID:[Influence of killed Bordetella pertussis cells on the resistance against infection with Listeria monocytogenes (author's transl)]. 20 50

Cultures of Bordetella pertussis were isolated by pernasal swabs from Kenyan children in whom whooping-cough was suspected. Serotyping of 94 of these isolates was undertaken by four laboratories in Europe, and there was very close agreement in their typing results. Each laboratory found that the incidence of type 1, 3 was the lowest of the three types, and that there were approximately equal numbers of types 1, 2, 3 and 1, 2. No new serotype was found. This distribution of serotypes was found in all age-groups; and it is in marked contrast with that currently seen in vaccinated communities, where type 1, 3 predominates. The implications of these findings for vaccination against whooping-cough in East Africa are discussed.
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PMID:Machakos project studies. Agents affecting health of mother and child in a rural area of Kenya. V. Pertussis sentypes in Kenyan children 1974--1975. 20 90

The authors studied the antigenic activity of Bordetella pertussis during stab cultivation. For the first time there were revealed changes (oscillations) of antigenic activity: formation of 3 peaks of which the middle was the highest. A possibility of improving the quality of pertussis vaccine by using biomass at the height of the peak was experimentally founded.
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PMID:[Antigenic activity of Bordetella pertussis during cultivation in liquid nutrient media]. 20 47


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