Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0043167 (pertussis)
 19,595 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The international community has launched the Children's Vaccine Initiative, which has created the most ambitious grouping of public and private sector interests ever to tackle a global health issue. Developed by WHO, UNICEF, UNDP, the World Bank, and the Rockefeller Foundation, the initiative is the result of decisions taken at the World Summit for Children, held in New York in September 1990. During that meeting, world leaders requested greater resources for the development of new or better vaccines. The Children's Vaccine Initiative, says WHO Director-General Dr. Hiroshi Nakajima, will not only yield specific benefits in improving vaccines, it will also establish a process of collaboration between the public and private sectors, which will have far-reaching benefits in other areas. The new initiative comes on the heels of another international effort, the successful Expanded Program on Immunization, which in 1990 achieved its goal of immunizing 80% of the world's children against 6 major childhood diseases: poliomyelitis, measles, tuberculosis, diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus. The new initiative will strive to develop vaccines against a wider spectrum of viral, bacterial, and parasitic diseases which cause mortality in children. These diseases include rotavirus infection, hepatitis A and E, dengue, Japanese encephalitis, acute respiratory diseases, meningococcal meningitis, diarrheal diseases, pneumococcal pneumonia, and malaria. The new initiative will also seek to improve existing vaccines, making them easier to administer and less painful and costly.
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PMID:New children's vaccine initiative launched. 160 Apr 43

New vaccine developments will reflect achievements of the World Health Organization's (WHO) Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI), as well as resistance from the public toward increasing numbers of vaccines. WHO's EPI program has concentrated on tuberculosis, diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough, polio, and measles. 35 countries are attempting to control hepatitis B with universal vaccination. Now some countries are also recommending vaccination against Haemophilus influenza, mumps, and rubella. The complexity of multiple injections has prompted new research on acellular vaccines for pertussis, hepatitis A and B, varicella, and malaria. Combined vaccines and new adjuvants are also targets of intense research. Vaccines are a priority, because they are among the most cost-effective of medical interventions.
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PMID:New developments in vaccinology. 163 65

The pSAM2 element of Streptomyces ambofaciens integrates site-specifically in the genome of different Streptomyces species by recombination between a 58 bp sequence common to the plasmid (attP) and the chromosome (attB). Southern hybridization analysis showed that sequences similar to the pSAM2 attB site were found in other actinomycetes (Mycobacterium, Nocardia, Micromonospora) as well as unrelated bacteria (Bacillus circulans, Escherichia coli, Clostridium botulinum, Bordetella pertussis, and Legionella pneumophila). Hybridizing fragments from B. circulans and Mycobacterium tuberculosis were cloned and sequenced. Comparison of these sequences with the sequence of the integration zone of S. ambofaciens revealed a conserved region of 76 bp which overlapped with the attB site. This conserved sequence was similar to the Salmonella typhimurium and E. coli tRNA(pro1) genes as well as a number of eucaryotic tRNA genes and had a proline-tRNA-like cloverleaf structure. Furthermore, the Streptomyces lividans attB site of the Streptomyces glaucescens element pIJ408 was also found to overlap a potential tRNA gene (tRNA(thr)). We note here that these two putative tRNA genes as well as those which overlap the attB site of the elements SLP1 of Streptomyces coelicolor and pMEA100 of Nocardia mediterranei all contain the site where integrative recombination takes place. These presumptive actinomycete tRNA genes lack the 3' terminal CCA sequence found in most procaryotic tRNA genes.
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PMID:The chromosomal integration site of the Streptomyces element pSAM2 overlaps a putative tRNA gene conserved among actinomycetes. 170 70

Children with persistent or recurrent pneumonia without an apparent cause constitute an important clinical category with much morbidity and mortality and can be perplexing and frustrating to the treating physician and the parents. To identify the clinical profile and predisposing factors in this group of patients, 18 Saudi children were studied. Their ages ranged from 3 months to 12 years (mean age 5.7 years) with male preponderance--12 boys and 6 girls (M:F ratio 2:1). About 44.4% had immune and inherited metabolic disorders. Anatomical abnormalities were found in four (22.2%). Two had measles as a predisposing factor. None had tuberculosis or pertussis. One child each had pulmonary candidiasis and laryngeal papilloma, probably contracted from their mothers as congenital infections. Though the pattern seems to follow that found in developed countries, it is noteworthy that cystic fibrosis was not identified in any of our patients.
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PMID:Persistent or recurrent pneumonia in Saudi children seen at King Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh: clinical profile and some predisposing factors. 171 43

The principal sulfatide of a group of acidic lipids from virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis, sulfolipid-1 (SL-1), stimulates neutrophil superoxide (O2-) generation and, at lower concentrations, primes neutrophil response to several other metabolic agonists including FMLP, and PMA. These responses to SL-1 were examined in relation to diacylglycerol (DAG) generation, Ca2+ availability and activation of guanine nucleotide binding proteins to clarify the signal transduction pathways involved. Pertussis toxin inhibited the ability of SL-1 to both stimulate neutrophils directly and to prime neutrophils for subsequent responses induced by PMA, suggesting a role for one or more guanine nucleotide regulating proteins in both responses. SL-1 induced a rise in neutrophil DAG levels. DAG generation was inhibited by pretreatment of cells with pertussis toxin. Depletion of extracellular Ca2+ ablated O2- release induced by stimulatory levels of SL-1 but did not inhibit the priming effect induced by substimulatory concentrations of the lipid. Investigation of the activation of the neutrophil NADPH oxidase in a cell-free system revealed that the SL-1-priming effect was associated with translocation of the soluble cytosolic factors required for activation of the enzyme. Cytosolic factor translocation was not observed in pertussis toxin pretreated cells. Our results provide evidence for the role of a guanine nucleotide binding protein in both priming and direct activation of neutrophils by SL-1. This G protein regulates both SL-1-induced DAG generation and cytosolic cofactor translocation involved in neutrophil activation and priming. The multiplicity of effects of SL-1 on signal transduction pathways leading to phagocyte activation and priming may exert a profound influence on the pathogenicity of M. tuberculosis.
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PMID:Activation of human neutrophils by Mycobacterium tuberculosis-derived sulfolipid-1. 184 37

Contrary to the regular immunization schedule for children, the majority of immunization are done in adulthood in case of special risks only, such as old age, chronic illness or exposure. The protection against a variety of communicable diseases has to be monitored and if necessary to be boosted regularly. Based on the routine vaccination scheme 1991 of the Federal Department of Public Health, the following vaccinations which are commercially available in Switzerland are discussed in this review: diphtheria, Haemophilus influenzae, hepatitis B, influenza, measles + mumps + rubella, meningococci, pertussis, pneumococci, poliomyelitis, tetanus, rabies, tuberculosis, varicella and tick encephalitis. Furthermore, the current recommendations are given for the prophylactic and therapeutic use of immunoglobuline preparations.
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PMID:[Active and passive immunization: 1991 status]. 185 65

Immunization practice in 32 countries in Europe, North America, Japan, and Australia is reviewed. in most countries, immunization practices are set by the federal government which sometimes works with the private sector. Almost all countries routinely immunize against diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough, polio, and measles. About half try to prevent rubella, several try to prevent mumps, usually in combination with measles and rubella (MMR). More than half use bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BGG) vaccine to prevent tuberculosis, and a few give Hemophilus Influenza type B polysaccharide. Poliomyelitis vaccine comes in 2 forms: 1) oral live attenuated (OPV) or injectable inactivated (IPV). OPV is more used, but there is a new "enhanced potency IPV." All countries except Japan give DPT in 3 doses during the 1st year of life. OPV is usually given at the same time that DPT is. Measles vaccine or MMR is usually given between 12 and 18 months of age. Primary vaccine failure occurs in 2-5% of people who get measles vaccine, but this may be enough to "sustain transmission." In most countries, the government provides for immunizing children. An exception in the US. In the UK, low coverage has taken place because of concern for adverse reactions (whooping cough) or lack of appreciation of the disease's impact (measles). Coverage against both measles and pertussis has improved in the UK lately. In each developed country, vaccines have had "spectacular" effects. However, there are too many contraindications and there is "undue fear of adverse events." Also, there are surveillance deficiencies, a lack of coordination, and countries vary in their commitment to "reduction/elimination targets." Varicella vaccine, respiratory syncytial virus vaccine, and rotavirus vaccine are being considered for universal use. Attempts are being made to improve the safety of some vaccine.
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PMID:Immunisation practice in developed countries. 196 69

Researchers interviewed 194 mothers of children 1-2 years old in Port Moresby, New Guinea to determine why childhood immunizations are not completed. They also looked at the baby clinic books to see if the children received the completed doses of vaccines. 87% did not know why children should be immunized. Moreover only 13% believed immunizations could prevent disease. Further 86.6% could not list any of the diseases that immunizations target. 11.9% did correctly report measles, tuberculosis, polio, and pertussis, however. On the other hand, 3 (1.5%) mothers incorrectly believed immunizations protect against malaria, diarrhea, and malnutrition. The relationship between lack of knowledge and noncompletion of immunization was not significant, however (p=.07). 76.8% reported very rude behavior on the part of the health staff. 15.5% went so far to say that the health staff often reacted aggressively towards them. Only 7.7% reported kind of behavior. Mothers who perceived health staff attitudes as negative tended not to return to the clinic with their children for the 3rd dose (p=.002). DPT and polio vaccine coverage declined consistently from 94% (1st dose) to 79% (3rd dose). Nevertheless 3rd dose coverage was considered rather high. Since hospital delivery was almost universal in Port Moresby and hospital staff routinely administer the BCG vaccination prior to discharge, BCG coverage was high (96%), however. Emphasis in the national immunization program should be on changing health staff attitudes leading to improvements in the social interaction between patients and health staff.
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PMID:Possible reasons for non-completion of immunization in an urban settlement of Papua New Guinea. 205 99

The Central Government of Calcutta, India aimed to immunize 85% (85,262) of the city's 12 month old infants against polio, diphtheria, measles, tuberculosis, pertussis and tetanus. The Universal Immunization Program (UIP) achieved this target 3 months earlier than intended. In fact, at the end of December 1990, it achieved 110.6% for DPT3, 142.16% for OPV3, 151.96% for BCG, and 97% for measles. UIP was able to surpass its targets by emphasizing team work. Government, the private sector, UNICEF, and the voluntary sector made up the Apex Coordination Committee on Immunization headed up by the mayor. The committee drafted an action plan which included routine immunization sessions on a fixed day and intensive immunization drives. Further the involved organizations pooled together cold chain equipment. In addition, the District Family Welfare Bureau was the distribution center for vaccines, syringes, immunization cards, report formats, vaccine carriers, and ice packs. Health workers administered immunizations from about 300 centers generally on Wednesday, National Immunization Day. Intensive immunization drives focused on measles immunizations. UIP leaders encouraged all center to routinely record coverage and submit monthly progress reports to the District Family Welfare Bureau. The Calcutta Municipal Corporation coordinated promotion activities and social mobilization efforts. Promotion included radio and TV announcements, newspaper advertisements, cinema slides, billboards, and posters. The original UIP plan to use professional communicators to mobilize communities was ineffective, so nongovernmental organizations entered the slums to encourage people to encourage their neighbors to immunize their children. Further Islamic, Protestant, and Catholic leaders encouraged the faithful to immunize their children. A UNICEF officer noted that this success must be sustained, however.
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PMID:Universal immunization in urban areas: Calcutta's success story. 213 77

Twenty five children who had undergone their full course of childhood immunization schedule were compared with 25 children who did not have any vaccinations for a period of five years. Parameters for comparison were measles, pertussis, poliomyelitis, tetanus and tuberculosis. Out of the 25 vaccinated children, only one child had mild measles at 2 1/2 years while 4 had suspected whooping cough at different points of the study period but not clinically diagnosed as pertussis. Among the unvaccinated group, 2 died of measles before the age of 3 years while 11 others went down with measles during an outbreak in 1986. An unvaccinated child also died of tetanus within the study period. In this paper we advocate the total integration of every community in the ongoing Expanded Programme for Immunization in Nigeria.
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PMID:Vaccinated versus unvaccinated children: how they fare in first five years of life. 226 Feb 20


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