Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0043167 (pertussis)
 19,595 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

An earlier report on the Nigerian expanded programme on immunization (EPI), covering 1974-1988, failed to demonstrate a clear-cut impact of the programme. This report attempts to determine the effectiveness of EPI in Borno State, Nigeria. We analysed trends in routine notifications for diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, tuberculosis, measles, and pneumonia, from 1985 to 1991; data on poliomyelitis were excluded because of poor documentation, while we included data on pneumonia for comparison. We also performed a before (1983-1987) after (1988-1991) comparison in terms of the intensifications of EPI by age-specific strata amongst paediatric hospitalization for all EPI diseases at the University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, the sole referral hospital for childhood infectious diseases. Our results show an apparent reduction in morbidity from diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, measles and pneumonia, and this was particularly prominent following intense vaccinations between 1988 and 1991. The reduction in these EPI diseases and pneumonia occurred despite the prevailing adverse socioeconomic conditions, and the absence of a specific control strategy for pneumonia in Nigeria. On the other hand, in spite of national BCG coverage of about 90% there has been a recent (1989-1991) increase in the registered cases of tuberculosis in infants and older children in Borno State. There is a need to intensify other intervention measures alongside EPI activities.
 ...
PMID:The EPI in Borno State, Nigeria: impact on routine disease notifications and hospital admissions. 146 Jun 96

We studied the epidemiology and incidence of the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) in the Tel Aviv and Petah Tikva districts during the period April 1980 to March 1983. Sixty-nine infants were diagnosed as SIDS and 38 of them had autopsies. Four cases were excluded because their autopsy revealed other diagnoses. When calculating for 24,183 live births per year during the study period, the rate of SIDS was found to be 0.47-0.90:1,000 live births. Other epidemiologic characteristics were: female:male [corrected] ratio 1:1.3; peak incidence at 2-4 months age, with 80% before age 6 months; increased incidence during the autumn and winter months (85% of SIDS cases); and highest incidence between midnight and 8:00 AM (84% of SIDS cases). None of the infants had a history of a previous apparent life-threatening event. Birthweight of infants who died of SIDS was not significantly different from that in the general population. No statistical relation to DTP (diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis) vaccination was found. Half the cases had mild respiratory illness during the week that preceded the sudden death. The incidence of parental cigarette smoking was higher than in the general population (56.5% vs. 36-53%; P less than 0.005) as well as the incidence of maternal smoking during pregnancy. We conclude that the incidence of SIDS in Israel is relatively low. The epidemiologic characteristics of SIDS in Israel are very similar to the presentation of the syndrome in other countries.
 ...
PMID:Sudden infant death syndrome in the Tel Aviv and Petah Tikva districts. 146 42

Swaziland is a kingdom with 800,000 inhabitants bordering on Mozambique and South Africa with about 50% of the population under 15 years of age. The experience of a nurse in a small clinic in the course of several years is recounted. Swaziland ranks 3rd in the world in alcohol abuse which often leads to wounds requiring suturing. Penicillin is given prophylactically with a paracetamol preparation for analgesia. As a rule, every injured person will get a .5 ml tetanus injection for prophylaxis. The most serious conditions of polyclinic patients are hepatitis, bilharzia, diarrhea, pellagra, pneumonia, and malnutrition. A great number of patients have sexually transmitted diseases, and the rate of AIDS infection is not known. According to 1 study 60-80% of the population in reproductive age will die of AIDS in the course of a 5-year period. The majority of people are impervious to counseling about their sexual behavior in spite of educational programs on the radio, in schools, and in work places. Condoms are not popular, since they are not considered manly. Pregnant women receive iron and multivitamin tablets in the course of pregnancy. Many pregnant women are anemic, and 70% give birth at home, the rest in a hospital or clinic. During delivery they get no analgesia, and there are few complications. The average weight of the newborn is 3.5 kg, although none of the women are under 150 cm. A little after birth all children are vaccinated with bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) and polio, later with diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus (DPT) and measles.
 ...
PMID:[Nursing under a different sky. Swaziland]. 146 29

In Niger, mobile health teams provided the first health services for nomadic populations, but these services have proved ineffective and costly. Since 1971, many dispensaries have been established in the rural areas to perform immunization. A 1990 evaluation of the Agadez region, in the northeast showed poor returns on investments. Immunization has been carried out by the mobile medical service since 1968 using 2 teams, each comprising 2 nurses, 2 vaccinators, and a driver/guide. The Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) was launched in 1988 with both mobile teams and fixed health services. By the end of the year the region had achieved coverages of 40% for BCG (bacillus Calmette-Guerin) in children 1 year of age, 54% for 3rd dose of diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus (DPT3) immunization, 35% for children protected against tetanus, and 47% for 2nd dose of tetanus toxoid. The mobile medical service provided less than 10% of first dose DPT (DPT1) and measles immunizations and under 5% of DPT3 coverage which continued in the first 6 months of 1991. A survey in Mali during 1974 showed that the per capita cost of immunization by mobile units was 11 times higher than that performed by fixed units. The health district consists of the rural dispensaries, the first point of contact for patients who may have to travel up to 30 kilometers; and medical posts, which are intermediate referral facilities usually with an ambulance vehicle. These 2 types of health services cannot cover the rural areas effectively and do not involve the community. Fixed health facilities should not be limited to a radius of 5 kilometers, they should establish seasonal circuits as the population moves, and 1 or more areas should be served by an intermediate fed health post. Health teams should carry out immunization and family planning, as well as the education and the supervision of first level workers. In the nomadic areas, every health district should have at least 1 health post.
 ...
PMID:What health system for nomadic populations? 146 27

Outbreaks of vaccine preventable infections have focused attention on 'missed opportunities' for immunizing children. The immunization status of 520 consecutive children attending Casualty during a 10 day period was studied. Only 70% of children had received their diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis (DTP) and poliomyelitis immunization at the appropriate time, 13% had completed the schedule later than recommended and 17% had immunizations overdue by 4 weeks or more. For measles (mumps/rubella) vaccine (MM or MMR) 75% were up to date, 10% were given late and 15% were overdue. A subset of 171 families was interviewed to evaluate factors affecting compliance. Families possessing a Social Security 'Health Care Card', whose father was unemployed, who spoke poor English or who had lived in Australia for 5 years or less were significantly more likely (P < 0.02) to be inadequately immunized. There were 84 children whose immunization was overdue and who were well enough to be immunized. The parents of 70 (83%) of these 84 said that they would agree to 'on the spot' immunization if it were available; 14 (17%) parents refused, the commonest reason for refusal being that the parents felt that the child was too sick at the time to be immunized.
 ...
PMID:Immunization status of casualty attenders: risk factors for non-compliance and attitudes to 'on the spot' immunization. 146 42

Acellular vaccines against whooping cough are in the final stage of clinical testing and are likely to become available for mass immunization in the near future. Over a dozen vaccines of similar composition have been developed by vaccine companies and research laboratories; all of them contain a detoxified form of pertussis toxin (PT) that may be present alone or combined with one or more other non-toxic proteins, such as filamentous haemagglutinin (FHA), pertactin (69 kDa), and the agglutinogens (AGG). Most of the vaccines contain a PT that has been inactivated by chemical treatment, a process that reduces the immunogenicity of the molecule and may not completely eliminate the risk of reversion to toxicity. To avoid these problems, we have constructed by genetic manipulation a mutant of Bordetella pertussis that produces a non-toxic form of PT. This molecule (PT-9K/129G) contains two amino acid substitutions in the S1 subunit (Arg9-->Lys and Glu129-->Gly) which abolish the enzymatic activity of the S1 subunit and all the toxic properties of PT, without changing the immunological properties of the wild-type toxin. Following extensive preclinical studies, which have shown that PT-9K/129G is safe and more antigenic than the toxin treated with chemical agents, this molecule was tested for safety and immunogenicity in adult volunteers, 18-month-old children and 2-month-old infants. The molecule has been tested alone, combined with FHA and pertactin and also combined with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:Progress towards the development of new vaccines against whooping cough. 147 24

The effect of prior injections on the pattern and severity of paralytic poliomyelitis has been examined by a retrospective analysis of case notes from an outpatient pediatric clinic in South India. Of 262 children with acute polio, 176 had received unnecessary injections < 48 h before paralysis and 12 had received diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus or provocative injections. Two children injected in the right arm had paralysis in that limb only. Children with no injections (controls) had an equal chance of paralysis (0.73) in each left and right leg. Children with injections in the right or left gluteus or in both had a 19% greater chance of paralysis in the injected leg(s), whereas uninjected legs had a 31% lower chance of paralysis. Injected leg muscles were weaker than those of control children. Legs of control children were stronger than those with one leg injected and much stronger than those with both injected. More than 96% of the children had at least one leg paralysed. Age and vaccine status did not affect the results of injections. After injections there was greater likelihood of death or lack of recovery of muscle strength. About three-quarters of the children had received unnecessary injections; of these 60% had more severe paralysis and a non-paralytic attack became paralytic in 40%. If oral medicines for fevers and diarrhoea replaced unnecessary injections, the prevalence and severity of paralytic polio would be reduced.
 ...
PMID:Unnecessary injections and paralytic poliomyelitis in India. 147 30

During the 1970s and the early 1980s, immunization practices in the United States were unchanged. Immunization against pertussis, tetanus, diphtheria, measles, mumps, rubella, and polio were routinely administered to children. Infections with these organisms declined dramatically. Nonetheless, research was vigorous, culminating in the 1980s in new vaccines and changes in immunization strategies and practices. This presentation will focus on these changes: universal hepatitis B immunization; two-dose schedule for the measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) vaccine, Hemophilus influenza type B vaccine for infants, acellular pertussis vaccine as booster immunizations, the inactivated polio vaccine, and the yet-to-be-licensed live varicella vaccine.
 ...
PMID:Immunization update. 149 Jun 20

The licensure of whole-cell pertussis vaccine combined with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids as DTP in the 1940s--and its widespread use in infants and children--led to a dramatic decline in the incidence of reported pertussis. In the prevaccine era, the average annual incidence and mortality for reported pertussis were 150 cases and six deaths per 100,000 population, respectively. From 1989 to 1991, pertussis cases were reported by state and local health departments to CDC through two distinct national surveillance systems: the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS) and the Supplementary Pertussis Surveillance System (SPSS). During the period 1989-1991, 11,446 pertussis cases were reported to the NNDSS (4,157 in 1989; 4,570 in 1990; and 2,719 in 1991), for an unadjusted annual incidence of 1.7, 1.8, and 1.1 cases per 100,000 population in 1989, 1990, and 1991, respectively. For the period 1989-1991, case reports were received through the SPSS on 9,480 (83%) of the 11,446 patients reported to the NNDSS. Age-specific incidence and hospitalization rates were highest among children < 1 year of age and declined with increasing age. Long-term trends suggest an increase in the reported incidence of pertussis in the United States since 1976. The peak in reported pertussis cases in 1990 represents the highest annual incidence of pertussis since 1970. However, the incidence of pertussis declined 41% from 1990 through 1991. Whether the long-term increase in reported pertussis is a true increase in incidence is unclear; the observed increase may be a function of improved surveillance.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:Pertussis surveillance--United States, 1989-1991. 149 68

Administration of diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis vaccine adsorbed (DTP vaccine) or endotoxin (LPS) resulted in marked alterations in hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes in endotoxin-responsive (R) and non-endotoxin-responsive (NR) mice. A single human dose (0.5 ml) of DTP vaccine increased hexobarbital-induced sleep times to 1.6- to 1.8-fold above those of controls in both strains of mice. This effect persisted for 7 days. In contrast, Bordetella pertussis LPS-treated mice showed an increase at 1 day (3.0-fold for R mice and 1.5-fold for NR mice), which returned to control levels by day 7. Furthermore, cytochrome P-450 levels were decreased 30 to 40% 24 h after DTP vaccine administration in both R and NR mice, while after LPS administration they were decreased 30% in R mice and less than 10% in NR mice. Both spleen and liver weights of R and NR mice were increased 7 to 14 days following DTP vaccine administration. However, LPS treatment had no apparent effect on liver weights, and spleen weights of R mice were elevated from days 3 to 7. Histopathologic tissue examination showed random, multifocal inflammation with hepatocyte necrosis after DTP vaccine administration to both R and NR mice and an absence of lesions in LPS-treated mice. Premixing LPS with polymyxin eliminated the increased sleep times, but premixing DTP vaccine with polymyxin did not affect the increased sleep times. Levels of tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-6 in plasma of R mice were markedly increased after DTP and LPS treatment, while NR mice had reduced increases. These results suggest that LPS contributes to the alterations in R and NR mice seen within the first 24 h of vaccine administration but that it is not likely to contribute to the effects observed at later time points.
 ...
PMID:Role of endotoxin in alterations of hepatic drug metabolism by diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis vaccine adsorbed. 150 Jan 88


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>