Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0043167 (pertussis)
 19,595 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Despite many imperfections in the nationwide reporting of toxic shock syndrome, the available data provide some useful information. The crude toxic shock morbidity rate has been estimated as approximately 0.50 per 100 000 United States population per year. This morbidity rate exceeds those for paralytic poliomyelitis, tetanus, tularemia, diphtheria, and typhoid fever, and is about one half of the rate for meningococcal infections and pertussis. The estimate of 8.9 cases of toxic shock syndrome per 100 000 menstruating women is similar to the crude rates for primary and secondary syphilis and mumps. From these comparisons, the incidence of toxic shock syndrome does not appear as low as some might suppose.
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PMID:Epidemiologic comparisons of incidence of toxic shock syndrome. 709 63

Erythromycin, the prototypical macrolide, has been widely used since the 1950s in the management of pediatric infections. Erythromycin is the drug of choice for infants and children with Legionnaire's disease, pertussis, diphtheria, lower respiratory tract infections caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae and Chlamydia trachomatis and enteritis caused by Campylobacter jejuni. It is also indicated for treatment of syphilis; for streptococcal, staphylococcal and pneumococcal infections; genital infections caused by Ureaplasma urealyticum; and for the prevention of rheumatic fever and endocarditis in patients who are allergic to beta-lactam antibiotics. The new macrolides azithromycin and clarithromycin are also active against Borrelia burgdorferi, Helicobacter pylori, Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex, Cryptosporidium spp. and Toxoplasma gondii. Erythromycin is associated with a low risk of serious side effects, although gastric distress occurs in a significant proportion of patients. Drug interactions with theophylline, carbamazepine, warfarin, cyclosporine, terfenadine and digoxin limit erythromycin use. The newer macrolides azithromycin and clarithromycin are more stable, better absorbed and better tolerated than erythromycin. Azithromycin is more active than erythromycin against Haemophilus influenzae. Excellent tissue and intracellular penetration may contribute to their clinical efficacy. In children both azithromycin and clarithromycin are indicated for acute otitis media caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, H. influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis and for pharyngitis/tonsillitis caused by Streptococcus pyogenes. (As of December, 1996, azithromycin for oral suspension was approved for community-acquired pneumonia in children caused by C. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, M. pneumoniae and S. pneumoniae.) Claritromycin is also indicated for acute maxillary sinusitis, uncomplicated skin and skin structure infections, pneumonia and disseminated mycobacterial infections. Azithromycin and clarithromycin are associated with a lower incidence of gastrointestinal side effects, a low rate of drug discontinuation caused by side effects and a low potential for interaction with other drugs.
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PMID:History of macrolide use in pediatrics. 910 54

In 1996 there were 65,024 notifications to the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System. The record high number of Ross River virus infection notifications was of particular note. The highest rates were recorded in Western Australia, where an outbreak was documented in the South West, and in Queensland. Most cases occurred in the late summer and early autumn months. The number of measles cases has continued to fall markedly following the outbreak in 1993 and 1994. Rubella notifications also fell in 1996. The number of cases of pertussis remained at a similar level to that recorded in recent years, the highest notification rate being recorded for children under the age of one year. A peak in late 1996 marked a resurgence in the pertussis epidemic which has continued into 1997. Notifications of Haemophilus influenzae type b continued to decline reaching a record low rate of 0.3 notifications per 100,000 population. For the enteric diseases, the number of cases of campylobacteriosis rose, with an annual adjusted notification rate of 100.4 per 100,000 population; more notifications were received for this disease than for any other in 1996. The number of hepatitis A cases also rose relative to 1995. This is a reversal of the trend observed in recent years when the notification rate fell. The number of cases of salmonellosis and shigellosis remained stable. Notifications for chlamydial infection and gonococcal infection rose relative to 1995, whilst those for syphilis fell.
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PMID:Australia's notifiable diseases status, 1996. Annual report of the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System. 933 2

This article provides background information on bacterial diseases and discusses those that are candidates for elimination or eradication. Only one disease, neonatal tetanus, is a strong candidate for elimination. Others, including Haemophilus influenzae b infection, leprosy, diphtheria, pertussis, tuberculosis, meningococcal disease, congenital syphilis, trachoma and syphilis are important causes of morbidity and mortality in industrialized and developing countries. For all these diseases, eradication/elimination is not likely because of the characteristics of the disease and limitations in the interventions.
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PMID:Candidate bacterial conditions. 1006 76

The lipid antigens used in the Bordet-Wassermann and prepared by Landsteiner and Marie for syphilis tests from 1909 to 1949 were non specific but have certain common features with the spirochete body. For more than forty years the Bordet-Wassermann reaction, associated with flocculation (Kahn) or agglutination (Kline-VDRL) was used to detect cases of tremonematosis despite frequent false positives reactions due to other infections. In 1949, the Nelson and Mayer test was introduced. This test was based on a rigorously specific reaction based on an antigen of live virulent Treponema pallidum. Culture being impossible, the strain had to be, and still is, maintained by weekly passage on rabbit testicles. These manipulations are very dangerous and the technique is difficult, being performed only in specialized laboratories. This test however made it possible to identify the specificity of lipid tests and led to the development of specific immunofluorescent reactions (FTA) in 1959 and of hemagglutination test (TPHA) in 1969. In 1980, we introduced a simple treponemic reaction (FTA or TPHA) associated with a lipid reaction (VDRL) for screening. The specificity of these tests is not however perfect and the Nelson test remains useful as a highly specific reaction. A simple test with comparable specificity was long awaited and is now available with immunoblotting as for HIV, boreliosis and pertussis, etc. We propose this new reaction to replace the Nelson test because it is specific, is sensitive early, distinguishes between IgG and IgM and is not dangerous to manipulate. We have tested it in over one hundred selected sera of CSF from subjects with recent, former or nervous syphilis as well as cases susceptible of producing false positive reactions and have concluded that immunoblotting is highly specific and sensitive. We recommend official approval of this test to replace the Nelson test.
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PMID:[Immunoblotting for the serodiagnosis of syphilis. A candidate to replace the Nelson-Mayer test]. 1007 52

In 1997 there were 89,579 notifications to the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System. A notable feature of 1997 was the pertussis outbreak which peaked towards the end of the year and resulted in 10,668 cases being notified. The highest number of notifications received was for hepatitis C (unspecified) with 19,692 notifications; this is the first year for which data have been reported for New South Wales and South Australia for this disease category. The number of measles cases rose after the low number reported in 1996 but is still well below the number reported in the outbreak years of 1993 and 1994. Rubella notifications continued to decline in 1997. Notifications of Haemophilus influenzae type b appeared to have stabilised at a low rate, having declined markedly after introduction of the conjugated vaccine in 1992. The number of cases of campylobacteriosis remained steady after having risen for several years. Notifications of hepatitis A cases rose considerably, much of this being due to one outbreak in New South Wales. The number of cases of salmonellosis rose while shigellosis numbers dropped slightly. Notifications for chlamydial infection and gonococcal infection continued to rise, whilst those for syphilis continued to fall.
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PMID:Australia's notifiable diseases status, 1997. Annual report of the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System. 1009 94

In 1998 there were 85,096 notifications to the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System; slightly lower than in 1997 (89,579). The number of measles cases remained low, and well below the number reported in the outbreak years of 1993 and 1994. Rubella notifications further decreased and remained low in 1998. The Measles Control Campaign from August to November 1998, did not impact significantly on the number of measles or rubella cases reported for 1998. Notifications of Haemophilus influenzae type b reached a record low since surveillance began in 1991, and appeared to have stabilised at a low rate since the introduction of the conjugated vaccine in 1992. The previously reported outbreak of pertussis in 1997 tapered off in early 1998. Food-borne disease, or detection of disease, appeared to be on the rise with an increase in notification rates of campylobacteriosis and salmonellosis. Notifications of hepatitis A decreased, correcting the previous high number of notifications in 1997. Sexually transmissible diseases (STDs) increased. Notifications for chlamydial infection were the highest for all sexually transmitted diseases and third highest for all notifiable diseases. Notifications of gonococcal infection also continued to rise and have doubled since 1991, whilst notifications for syphilis increased slightly after falling steadily over recent years. Arbovirus infections of concern in 1998 were dengue outbreaks in Far North Queensland and the first case of Japanese Encephalitis for mainland Australia, highlighting the importance of surveillance of arboviruses and vectors for their detection and management.
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PMID:Australia's notifiable diseases status, 1998. Annual report of the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System. 1064 2

In the last decade in Chile, there was a large reduction in the rate of communicable diseases, especially typhoid fever, and those preventable through the universal vaccination programs. Exceptions were hepatitis A and Pertussis. The reduction in tuberculosis, has lead the country to a threshold in which the elimination of tuberculosis as a public health problem is reachable. The HIV epidemic is still expanding, at higher rate among women and heterosexual men, keeping drug addiction as a low ranked risk factor. At the end of the century, universal or expanded access to HIV therapy was still not a reality. Cholera was a well controlled emerging infection, but Hantavirus infection has become a major threat in many regions. Syphilis and especially gonorrhea have decreased, but condyloma has increased dramatically. The nosocomial infection scenario has changed somehow, due to more severely ice and complex patients admitted to hospitals. Multiresistant nosocomial pathogens continue expanding (S aureus, fermentor and non fermentor gram negative rods, especially A baumannii). The country has been able to expand control programs to almost all hospitals. Antimicrobial resistance has continued growing. The massive and indiscriminate use of antibiotics, largely responsible for the resistance, grew worse until the sale of antimicrobials in pharmacies was restricted by law. This had a major impact, with important reduction in sales of most, but not all, antibiotics. The impact in resistance rate of this reduction, if any, has yet to be assessed.
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PMID:[Changes in the epidemiology of infectious diseases in Chile from 1990 to 2000]. 1209 99

The significance of this invasion of the chorionic epithelium from the standpoint of pathogene'sis cannot be properly evaluated until a more complete history of the successive localizations of Bacillus abortus has been obtained. It is safe to assume that this particular cell parasitism is but one of a series of localizations and centers of multiplication in the fetal membranes although evidence points to it as perhaps the earliest stage in which the organism gains by rapid, unchecked multiplication a considerable advantage over the host. The local destruction of an epithelial covering by an infectious agent when other miscellaneous infectious agents are absent may or may not be of much importance, for it would depend on the regenerative activity of the epithelium, the tendency to the gathering of injurious transudates, and the toxic substances associated with the bacilli. It is probable that localizations also occur in the walls of the blood vessels of the chorion. Thus far only one case of this kind has been observed. The fusiform connective tissue cells of the adventitious coat of a blood vessel 0.8 mm. in diameter were completely replaced by clumps of minute bacilli. Since there is usually a slight perivascular cell infiltration in the diseased placenta this localization may be largely responsible for the circulatory disturbances which lead to death of the fetus. The case referred to may be but a greatly exaggerated illustration of the action of Bacillus abortus in the walls of the blood vessels where they are too few in number at any one time to be identified. It is known, that in the guinea pig disease with pronounced lesions Bacillus abortus is demonstrated only with great difficulty because of its scarcity. The more or less specific localization and multiplication of bacteria within cells not having phagocytic functions have thus far been demonstrated in leprosy, syphilis, and in a disease of mice recently described by Tyzzer, who found an active invasion of both liver cells and intestinal epithelium by a bacillus. In cells to which phagocytic powers have been ascribed the specific localization of certain bacteria is well known. Thus tubercle bacilli occur within the endothelial cells of the tubercle. Leprosy bacilli have been found within a variety of cell groups. Mouse septicemia bacilli occur regularly within certain phagocytic cells of the blood. Recently bacteria have been found attached to the cilia of the respiratory tract in pertussis by Mallory and Hornor, in a form of guinea pig pneumonia by the writer. Actual occupation of epithelial cells followed by active multiplication of the invaders and destruction of the cell has, however, been frequently demonstrated for the sporozoa. That it may occur more often among bacteria is highly probable. Rapidity of multiplication and cell destruction or invisibility or both may stand in the way of a satisfactory demonstration.
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PMID:A CHARACTERISTIC LOCALIZATION OF BACILLUS ABORTUS IN THE BOVINE FETAL MEMBRANES. 1986 30

Host immunity and demographics (the recruitment of susceptibles via birthrate) have been demonstrated to be a key determinant of the periodicity of measles, pertussis and dengue epidemics. However, not all epidemic cycles are from pathogens inducing sterilizing immunity or are driven by demographics. Many sexually transmitted infections are driven by sexual behaviour. We present a mathematical model of disease transmission where individuals can disconnect and reconnect depending on the infectious status of their contacts. We fit the model to historic syphilis (Treponema pallidum) and gonorrhea (Neisseria gonorrhoeae) incidence in the USA and explore potential intervention strategies against syphilis. We find that cycles in syphilis incidence can be driven solely by changing sexual behaviour in structured populations. Our model also explains the lack of similar cycles in gonorrhea incidence even if the two infections share the same propagation pathways. Our model similarly illustrates how sudden epidemic outbreaks can occur on time scales smaller than the characteristic demographic time scale of the population and that weaker infections can lead to more violent outbreaks. Behaviour also appears to be critical for control strategies as we found a bigger sensitivity to behavioural interventions than antibiotic treatment. Thus, behavioural interventions may play a larger role than previously thought, especially in the face of antibiotic resistance and low intervention efficacies.
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PMID:Epidemic cycles driven by host behaviour. 2510 Mar 16


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