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Query: UMLS:C0043167 (pertussis)
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In 1993, the Childhood Immunization Initiative (CII) established disease elimination goals for six childhood vaccine-preventable diseases. Specific goals for 1996 include elimination of indigenous transmission of measles, rubella (and congenital rubella syndrome [CRS]), poliomyelitis (polio) caused by wild poliovirus, and diphtheria in all age groups; elimination of tetanus in children aged < 15 years; and elimination of invasive disease due to Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) in children aged < 5 years. This report summarizes progress toward reaching these goals during January-August 1994, compares these findings with those from the same period during 1993, and provides information about mumps and pertussis--diseases for which reduction goals will be established.
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PMID:Update: childhood vaccine-preventable diseases--United States, 1994. 809 Jan 60

Data from a continuing series of surveys by the national Interview Survey confirm further increases in use of pediatric dental services through 1989. The surveys show that by 1989 almost a third of children between two and four years of age visited a dentist in the previous year. For children between two and fourteen, and between five and fourteen, 60.5 percent and 69.5 percent, respectively, had visited a dentist in the previous year. Most significant has been the decrease in the percent of children who never visited a dentist, in the past twenty-five years. In the mid 1960s, approximately a quarter of children between five and fourteen years had never visited a dentist. Twenty-five years later, the percentage was reduced to 8.6 percent. There were also decreases in the percent of very young children (less than five years and between two and four): 78 percent and 55 percent, respectively, in the 1980s. There are, however, major reasons for concern. The percentage of children living in poverty continued to increase in the 1990s. In 1990 cases of measles, mumps, rubella, and pertussis increased. Twenty-two countries had lower infant mortality rates than the U.S. Increasing rates of nursing caries and fluorosis are appearing.
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PMID:Twenty-five years of increasing use of pediatric dental services. 812 4

UNICEF decided to achieve the 1977 World Health Organization objective Health For All By The Year 2000 through primary health care, utilizing growth monitoring, oral rehydration therapy, breast-feeding, immunization, family planning, and education of women. Since the 1960s BCG (bacillus Calmette-Guerin) vaccination, DPT (diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus) and OPV (oral polio vaccine) have been available in Sri Lanka. The expanded program of immunization has almost eliminated diphtheria, pertussis, neonatal tetanus, and poliomyelitis. Tuberculous meningitis, bone and joint tuberculosis, measles, and miliary tuberculosis have become very rare. Among other vaccine-preventable diseases, mumps is the commonest cause of aseptic meningitis and viral encephalitis in children. Maternal rubella in the first trimester causes abortion or gross teratogenic effects including congenital heart disease. Safe vaccines may be used to prevent mumps and rubella. In recent years there has been a resurgence of measles in North America among school children, and presently a 2nd dose of vaccine is recommended for children. Japanese B encephalitis has a mortality rate of over 30% and half the survivors have residual brain damage. The Ministry of Health has immunized susceptible children in some of the prevalent areas. This vaccine also gives partial protection against dengue hemorrhagic fever. In Hong Kong, Singapore, and Taiwan hepatitis B vaccine is part of the national immunization schedule because of the common occurrence of primary hepatoma of the liver. At present this vaccine is recommended for health workers in Sri Lanka. Meningococcal meningitis occurs in some Middle East countries such as Saudi Arabia, thus Haj pilgrims are advised to be vaccinated against it before the pilgrimage. In Sri Lanka beta-thalassemia major is prevalent, and as most of these patients are subjected to splenectomy, pneumococcal vaccine should be given to them. Currently research work is being carried out for development of vaccines against rotavirus, streptococcal, and hepatitis A infection.
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PMID:Improving child survival through immunisation. 814 30

The principal goal of the Childhood Immunization Initiative (CII) is to increase, by 1996, vaccination levels for 2-year-old children to at least 90% for the most critical doses in the vaccination series (i.e., one dose of measles-mumps-rubella vaccine [MMR] and at least three doses each of diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis vaccine [DTP], oral poliovirus vaccine [OPV], and Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine [Hib]) and to at least 70% for at least three doses of hepatitis B vaccine (Hep B). Since 1991, annual national estimates of vaccination coverage levels of preschool-aged children have been available through the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) conducted by CDC. This report presents vaccination coverage levels of children aged 19-35 months for 1992 and provisional estimates of vaccination coverage for the combined first and second quarters of 1993 (Table 1).
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PMID:Vaccination coverage of 2-year-old children--United States, 1992-1993. 816 35

A cross-sectional study on vaccine coverage and vaccine effectiveness was carried out on a randomized sample of the cohort of schoolchildren born in 1983 attending school in Andorra, prior to the introduction of a Systematic Immunisation Plan that included centralised import and delivery of vaccines to vaccinating clinics, surveillance of the cold-chain during vaccine delivery, and a clearly-defined immunization schedule against diphtheria, tetanus, -pertussis, polio, mumps, rubella and measles. Vaccine coverage was estimated from vaccination card records; history of disease and sociodemographic variables were obtained through a questionnaire to the children's parents and vaccine effectiveness was estimated through serum antibody testing. Vaccine coverage levels for DTP and OPV were 97.8% for both. Protective serum antibody prevalence was correspondingly high except for the polio viruses. The authors suggest that decreased vaccine effectiveness, probably due to poor preservation of the cold chain, might be the cause of this finding. In countries or regions with an otherwise developed organisation of health services, an important issue like this can still be overlooked.
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PMID:A cross-sectional study on vaccine coverage and seroprevalence in schoolchildren in Andorra. 821 15

Infection remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in transplant patients. Many infections, however, can be successfully prevented by immunization. This presentation reviews the problems associated with, and the questions that arise concerning the use of routine pediatric vaccines, such as diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus (DPT) and measles-mumps-rubella (MMR). It also reviews the use of special vaccines such as hepatitis B, pneumococcal, and influenza vaccines in transplant patients. Data concerning the use of two experimental, live-attenuated virus vaccines, against cytomegalovirus (CMV) and varicella, are discussed. The live-attenuated varicella vaccine can be predicted to decrease the morbidity and mortality of varicella-zoster virus infection in transplant patients. It has already been given successfully to immunocompromised children and is highly effective in the prevention of varicella.
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PMID:Immunizations for pediatric transplant patients. 824 77

We present data on the access to health care services and vaccination coverage of a sample of children born to Filipino mothers in the city of Barcelona (Spain). The sample was obtained by snowball sampling from the community reference centers for the identified migrant Filipino population. Access to public health care services is much lower for this population than for the whole population, which causes use of private services to compensate for this shortcoming. The causes are related to the residence and working status of a segment of this migrant population. Vaccination coverage for two and three year olds was 68% for measles, mumps and rubella, 52% with four doses for polio, diphtheria and tetanus and 48% with four doses for pertussis. Vaccination coverage is slightly higher for four and five year olds, with a coverage of 73.9% for measles, 69.5% for mumps and rubella and 73.9% with four doses for polio, diphtheria and tetanus, and 69.5% with four doses for pertussis. Vaccination coverage of 6 to 14 year old children is much lower. It is possible that real vaccination coverage is higher, but vaccination cards or records have been lost by the families. These results are much lower than global vaccination levels for the city, but comparable to those described in the inner city district where most of these children live. The causes of this situation, their implications and how to improve them are discussed.
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PMID:[The medical care and vaccinal coverage of the children of Filipino mothers]. 825 Apr 38

In the United States, children are routinely vaccinated against nine diseases--diphtheria, Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), hepatitis B, measles, mumps, pertussis, poliomyelitis (paralytic), rubella, and tetanus. Based on public health surveillance and epidemiologic assessment of most of these diseases, the impact of childhood vaccination on reported occurrence has been substantial: provisional surveillance data for 1993 indicate that for five of these diseases and for congenital rubella syndrome (CRS), the number of reported cases is at or near the lowest levels ever, suggesting near interruption of transmission of these diseases. This report presents provisional data for December 1993 for these 10 diseases, compares provisional data for 1993 with final data for 1992, and describes the Childhood Immunization Initiative (CII).
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PMID:Reported vaccine-preventable diseases--United States, 1993, and the childhood immunization initiative. 829 25

The immunization status of active duty pediatric dependents served by the National Naval Medical Center was surveyed to estimate the degree to which this group was in compliance with immunization requirements. Four hundred sixteen patients who presented consecutively to a pediatric acute care clinic had their medical and immunization records screened. Ten percent of patients did not have complete records of immunization. Of the 375 patients remaining, 52 (13.9%) were deficient in one or more required immunizations based on their current age. The highest rates of delay were seen for the Haemophilus influenza vaccine followed by measles, mumps, rubella, and diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis. The most common reason for missing immunizations was parental unfamiliarity with the recommended schedule. This study suggests that a significant number of dependents in our catchment area were delayed in immunization and that accurate record keeping and patient education about immunizations needs to be improved.
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PMID:Immunization status of a military dependent population. 836 91

Down syndrome (DS) was studied in terms of immunological function and serological aspects. It was found that antibody levels against rubella and pertussis in the sera from 36 institutionalized DS patients were comparable with those of healthy controls while low antibody levels were detected against mumps and measles. Six tumor markers were also assayed in the serum from DS patients and the serum concentration of alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (alpha 1-AGP) and immunosuppressive acidic protein, an analogous glycoprotein of alpha 1-AGP, were significantly higher than those of the control group. Multivariate discriminant function was constructed based on the concentration of tumor markers. The function could discriminate between the two groups at a sensitivity of 92.3%. Flow-cytometrical analysis has revealed that helper T level of DS patients' sera was lower than that of the control group.
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PMID:A seroimmunological analysis of Down syndrome. 836 67


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