Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0043167 (pertussis)
 19,595 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Contrary to the regular immunization schedule for children, the majority of immunization are done in adulthood in case of special risks only, such as old age, chronic illness or exposure. The protection against a variety of communicable diseases has to be monitored and if necessary to be boosted regularly. Based on the routine vaccination scheme 1991 of the Federal Department of Public Health, the following vaccinations which are commercially available in Switzerland are discussed in this review: diphtheria, Haemophilus influenzae, hepatitis B, influenza, measles + mumps + rubella, meningococci, pertussis, pneumococci, poliomyelitis, tetanus, rabies, tuberculosis, varicella and tick encephalitis. Furthermore, the current recommendations are given for the prophylactic and therapeutic use of immunoglobuline preparations.
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PMID:[Active and passive immunization: 1991 status]. 185 65

Communicable diseases represent a considerable burden in terms of suffering and costs. The decision to develop a new vaccine varies with perspectives. The public health perspective is influenced largely by cost-benefit ratios; the community perspective by a strong desire to alleviate suffering and disability from disease and from vaccine side-effects; and that of vaccine producers by demand, technological feasibility of development, and anticipated return on investment. Each of these perspectives is important. However, they often are mutually exclusive. From a humanitarian and epidemiological perspective, the most urgent needs related to communicable diseases are those of the poorest countries; in the industrialised world, with the exception of the vaccine for the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), public health priorities, evaluated in terms of the cost-benefit ratio, often differ from those of the market, which usually selects its priorities according to return on investment. The six vaccines used in the Expanded Programme of Immunisation (EPI) are offered cheaply through a highly efficient bidding system. It would have to be extended, under the same form or differently, to other vaccines, such as those for rabies, hepatitis B, or japanese encephalitis. For vaccines that are being developed, such as conjugated polysaccharide or acellular pertussis vaccines, it is difficult to foresee how these expensive vaccines can be distributed. The situation is even worse for vaccines to be developed specifically for the third world. To make these vaccines available to everyone there must be technology that enables producers to sharply reduce production costs, and a subsidy for research and development and production.
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PMID:Lag between discovery and production of new vaccines for the developing world. 197 2

A widespread impression that DTP vaccine does cause brain damage has been based first on historical precedent--smallpox and rabies vaccines were recognized as sometimes causing devastating neurologic illness; analogy to pertussis--the disease can cause encephalopathy; and more recently on anecdotal evidence, particularly case series. A noncausal relationship--coincidence--could explain the temporal relation between DTP vaccine and neurologic illness, inasmuch as DTP vaccine is given at the age of emergence of idiopathic neurologic disease. The relationship between DTP vaccine and neurologic illness lacks specificity. Case series have had an impact on both physicians' and the lay public's impression of the safety of pertussis vaccine greatly out of proportion to their scientific importance. Case series can be useful for generating hypotheses but cannot provide evidence that pertussis vaccine is causally related to acute neurologic illness or brain damage. Observational studies using cohort and ecologic designs did not find an association between DTP vaccine and serious neurologic illness, but they were not powerful enough to detect an association as rare as that observed by the NCES investigators. The case-control design offers the best chance of providing causal evidence regarding DTP vaccine and serious neurologic illness. The NCES is the only published case-control study of this issue. This study found a rare association between DTP vaccine and some types of acute neurologic illness. Bias and chance are unlikely to account entirely for the association demonstrated by the NCES. However, the association has not yet been replicated by other case-control studies. The NCES does not demonstrate that DTP vaccine causes permanent brain damage.
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PMID:Diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine and serious neurologic illness: an updated review of the epidemiologic evidence. 200 Feb 68

Treatment of mice by intraperitoneal inoculation of pertussis vaccine or lipopolysaccharide extracted from B. pertussis will effect resistance to rabies virus, encephalomyocarditis virus, Semliki Forest virus, and Herpes simplex virus. Our previous observations indicated that treatment of C3H/HeN (+/nu) and BDF1 mice with pertussis vaccine injected i.p. five days prior to a mouse adenovirus lethal dose i.p. challenge elicited resistance to clinical disease and death. Susceptibility returned to a portion of the test population 35 days after pertussis vaccine treatment. The pertussis vaccine induced resistance developed in athymic (nude) mice also; however, the population succumbed to infection 35 days later. Titration of pertussis vaccine with respect to induction of resistance indicated the median effective dose (ED50) was approximately 25 micrograms dry weight. This report describes the antiviral activity of acellular components extracted from pertussis vaccine. Extraction of B. pertussis cells with 1.0M NaCl and ammonium sulfate fractionation (20-40% saturation) of the extract resulted in an acellular preparation that induced resistance to lethal dose mouse adenovirus infection. The resistance inducing activity was retained after treatment of the extract with detergent (GAF Emulphogene BC 720) to remove lipopolysaccharide and adsorption to alum gel. Comparison of endotoxin content of pertussis vaccine acellular fractions, polysaccharide fraction and purified lipopolysaccharide suggested that endotoxin probably plays a role in the induction of resistance. The endotoxin content of a Emulphogene-treated preparation that protected 80% of a test population was 39 ng. The lipopolysaccharide extracted from Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella typhimurium, and Salmonella minnesota did not induce a resistant state seven days after administration; however, lipopolysaccharide extracted from B. pertussis induced a resistant state.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Immunomodulation by Bordetella pertussis: antiviral effects. 287 9

Simple or combined D,T,P and inactivated polio vaccines adsorbed onto calcium phosphate are prepared according to two procedures. Antigens can be dialysed in a sodium phosphate solution and quickly mixed with an equal volume of an equimolar solution of calcium chloride, the pH is adjusted to 6.8-7. Toxoids added to the phosphate solution are in this way entrapped within the 3-dimensional network during the formation of the precipitate. Antigens can also be added to a calcium phosphate gel suspension prepared in advance. Results of animal experiments and of field trials using either combined vaccines or simultaneous immunization with diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, meningococcal and several viral vaccines: polio, rabies, hepatitis-B, etc., will be presented. Several programs have been studied in developing countries, mainly with the aim at simplifying vaccination campaigns. The efficiency of a two-dose regimen with DT vaccine has been ascertained, this has also been applied to pregnant women. Adsorbed tetanus toxoid was successfully used as a diluent for freeze-dried measles, meningococcal polysaccharide and rabies vaccines. Levels of circulating antibodies and potency of vaccines have been measured by new in vivo and in vitro methods. The choice of detoxified purified toxins is desirable for the preparation of vaccines in order to prevent the occurrence of adverse reactions. Local and generalized reactions have been studied. Adverse Arthus-type reactions have been encountered and related with the presence of high levels of circulating tetanus antibodies.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Preparation and use of calcium phosphate adsorbed vaccines. 354 96

To facilitate understanding of the advances in health care in Nicaragua since 1979, this discussion examines them within a historical framework. Nicaragua was occupied by US marines almost continuously from 1909-33. In 1933, their withdrawal left in power the US backed National Guard and the 1st dictator, Anastasio Somoza Garcia. Health conditions under the Somoza regime are difficult to evaluate because lack of data and underreporting were the norm. The health care system under Somoza was administered by 23 separate agencies, including the National Social Security Institute (INSS), a national Ministry of Health, independent local health ministries, and autonomous public hospital governing boards. On July 19, 1979, the dictatorship was overthrown in a popular uprising. Somoza left behind a foreign debt of 1.6 billion dollars, which the Sandinista Front for National Liberation (FSLN) needed to honor to qualify for needed loans. Following Somoza's defeat, the new government faced the problem of how to care for the tens of thousands of persons wounded and how to distribute the aid and medical supplies coming in from other countries. The key to achieving these tasks was popular participation and organization. By the early part of 1980, the new government was addressing more directly the organization of the health care system. Unlike the fragmented services under Somoza, health care in the new Nicaragua fell under the control of a unified Ministry of Health (MINSA). In 1980, the FSLN initiated an intensive campaign against illiteracy, 100,000 young Nicaraguans, called "brigadistas," were trained and sent around the country to teach basic reading and writing. In addition, 1 out of 10 was trained in elementary health principles. They were responsible for educating others about hygiene and basic sanitation as well as distributing antimalarial medication. 5 popular Health Campaigns were waged during 1981 against polio; measles, diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus; rabies; poor sanitation; and malaria. Since women and children make up about 75% of the population, maternal and child health is a priority. The Sandinistas' approach to diarrhea and dehydration, a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children, has been the creation of over 200 oral rehydration units. The purpose of these units, in addition to the oral replacement of an appropriate salt and glucose solution, is to educate health care workers about the prevention and treatment of diarrheal disease. The education of health care workers also has been a priority. With increased access to health services, there is a chronic shortage of supplies and personnel and capital to build new facilities. International aid has been very important to health. Diverting funds away from Nicaraguan destabilization and toward social needs here in the US would have a positive impact on health services for the people of both Nicaragua and the US.
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PMID:Health care in Nicaragua: a social and historical perspective. 659 13

This review discusses the indications for the routine immunizations covered by the Swiss "Immunization Schedule 1981" (diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, poliomyelitis, measles, mumps, rubella, BCG), as well as the indications for special immunizations (hepatitis B, influenza, pneumococci, rabies, tickencephalitis) and for the immunisations for travellers (cholera, yellow fever, meningococci, typhoid fever). Vaccination against measles, mumps and rubella should be given to girls and boys at the age of 18 (to 24) months as a combined injection. In view of the low prevalence of tuberculosis BCG vaccination is justifiable only at school leaving age, if at all. The indications for influenza and pneumococcal vaccines are still limited, the value of a general vaccination of all over 65 year old individuals is not proven for either vaccine. A nationwide vaccination campaign against hepatitis B was started early this year with a newly licensed vaccine for all population groups at risk. Only HDC-vaccines should be used for immunisation against rabies. The newly licensed, highly protective oral attenuated live typhoid vaccine will probably replace the parenteral typhoid vaccine.
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PMID:[Vaccination: 1982 status]. 713 94

This article presents the Mexican Institute for Social Security (IMSS) created in 1943 and describes its main features, its programmes and the role played by health education inside the programmes. It ends by explaining the present situation concerning health education and the changes which are presently envisaged. During its first twenty years, the IMSS promoted preventive medicine and trained health personnel. Since 1979 it has concerned itself mainly with some 10 million peasants and marginal groups. In the frame of a national development programme, a vaccination and detection campaign were implemented and the distribution system of potable water was extended. Mexico with a population of 73 million has the dual characteristics of a developed and a developing country (70 per cent of its population is urban, 30 per cent rural). The overcrowded cities contrast with the isolated rural areas where sanitary conditions are poor and life difficult. The main causes of mortality, in 1978, were: -in the towns: car accidents, cardiovascular diseases and suicide; -in rural areas, acute respiratory infections and intestinal infections. The 1978 Alma Ata international conference on primary health care and the meeting of Ministers of health convened in 1980 by the Pan American Health Organization endorsed the IMSS programmes which emphasize prevention, promote health education and community participation. The cost of preventive measures being cheaper than treatment, 203 million pesos were saved and allocated to the expansion of programmes. Systematic immunization has resulted in a sharp decline of diphteria, polio, rabies, typhoid, pertussis and measles. Early detection of tumours of cervix uteri has saved many lives.
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PMID:[The role of health education in preventive medicine strategy of the Mexican Institute of Social Security]. 718 5

The current status of immunization practice and recommendations for adolescents is reviewed. Vaccines for diptheria, tetanus, pertussis, measles, mumps and rubella are discussed in detail and vaccines for influenza, the pneumococci, meningococci, varicella, rabies, smallpox and tuberculosis briefly reviewed. Special attention is paid to those aspects of each vaccine and disease particularly appropriate to the adolescent age period.
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PMID:Immunization for adolescents. 726 28

Specific pathogen-free cats were experimentally infected with feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and subsequently exposed to common infectious pathogens and immune stimuli over a 3-year period. Cats with preexisting FIV infection showed signs of disease after exposure to Haemobartonella felis, Toxoplasma gondii, feline herpesvirus-1, and feline calicivirus similar to signs in non-FIV-infected cats, although they were more severe. No adverse effects of immunization with inactivated rabies virus vaccine and a synthetic polyproline immunogen were observed in either FIV-infected or non-FIV-infected cats, whereas the application of a diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine caused transient fever and lymphadenopathy in both groups of animals. Primary immune responses to pathogens or immunogens were usually delayed or diminished in FIV-infected compared with non-FIV-infected cats. Repeated infections and immune activation had no significant effects on the levels of FIV-specific antibodies or on the proportion of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) containing FIV proviral DNA. However, FIV-infected cats that were not exposed to immune stimuli had lower CD4+ T-lymphocyte numbers and lower CD4+/CD8+ T lymphocyte ratios at the end of the 3-year study than FIV-infected cats exposed to cofactors. The latter also had normal levels of interleukin-3 receptor (IL-2R) and major histocompatibility class II (MHC-II) antigen expression on PBMCs, while FIV-infected cats not exposed to cofactors had up-regulated IL-2R and down-regulated MHC-II antigen expression. It was concluded that repeated immune stimulation did not have a deleterious effect on the course of FIV-induced immunodeficiency.
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PMID:Effects of incidental infections and immune activation on disease progression in experimentally feline immunodeficiency virus-infected cats. 791 48


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