Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0043167 (pertussis)
 19,595 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The effectiveness of acetaminophen in preventing post-vaccination fever was studied in a double-blind randomized manner. Healthy five-month-old infants vaccinated with diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) or DTP-inactivated polio vaccine were randomly allocated to receive either placebo (n = 130) or 75 mg of acetaminophen (n = 133) four hours after the vaccination. Rectal temperatures of the infants were measured in the post-vaccination evening and next morning by the parents. The mean values of rectal temperatures were equal in both groups, i.e. 37.6 degrees C, both in the evening and in the morning. No significant difference was found in the occurrence of other minor adverse reactions. Antibody titres to diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis bacteria of the placebo (n = 25) and acetaminophen (n = 34) groups did not differ significantly from each other. It is concluded that acetaminophen in a single dose schedule is ineffective in decreasing post-vaccination fever and other symptoms.
 ...
PMID:Effect of prophylactic acetaminophen administration on reaction to DTP vaccination. 305 56

Estimates of a recent yearly incidence of 400 000 cases of paralytic poliomyelitis, 2.5 million deaths from measles and its complications, over 1 million deaths from neonatal tetanus, and 735 000 deaths from pertussis in Asia, Africa, and Latin America now pose a greater challenge for new action than did the worldwide eradication of smallpox several years ago. By virtue of the conditions obtaining in the developing countries mere expansion or acceleration of what is being done now--even with modifications that may achieve a temporary increase in vaccine coverage--cannot achieve the desired rapid elimination and continuing control of these diseases. A new strategy--namely, bringing the vaccine to the people during annual national days of vaccination--has already been used successfully in some small and large developing countries of Latin America for the rapid elimination and continuing control of polio. This strategy could be adapted to include vaccination against measles, pertussis, and neonatal tetanus by additional training of community volunteers in the large auxiliary health armies that work with the existing health services each year.
 ...
PMID:Strategy for rapid elimination and continuing control of poliomyelitis and other vaccine preventable diseases of children in developing countries. 308 Nov 60

The ratio of benefit to harm an imaginary, modest immunization program in a developing country and the numbers of lives likely to be saved and severe handicaps prevented are estimated. Immunization is much more likely to benefit children than to harm them, and health workers can be confidently encouraged not to withhold the benefits of immunization from most children. The UN target date for immunization to be available to all the world's children is 1990. Benefits and risks of a typical program in a developing country are calculated for diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio, and measles. Such a program could be expected to save about 45 lives a month and prevent about 12 children being left with a serious handicap each month. In contrast it may cause 1 death over 22 years and 1 serious handicap every 7 1/2 years.
 ...
PMID:Benefits and risks of childhood immunisations in developing countries. 310 42

A short-term toxicity study was performed to investigate local reactions and haematological changes after intramuscular (i.m.) injection of meningococcal vaccine with a concentration of 25 or 50 micrograms protein ml-1. In these meningococcal vaccines up to 75 micrograms Zwittergent ml-1 was used to form a protein-detergent complex with attractive immunogenic properties. The Zwittergent preparations were treated with NaOH in order to destroy any propane sultone residue and this was checked by HPLC. The effects were compared with those caused by a sterile phosphate-buffered saline solution and by diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus-polio (DPT-polio) vaccine. Groups of six male rats were injected i.m. with 0.25 ml of the test solution, on day 0 in the left, and on day 7 in the right, quadriceps muscle. On day 14 the animals were exsanguinated under ether anaesthesia and, after gross inspection, inguinal nodes were weighed. These lymph nodes and the left and right quadriceps muscles were studied microscopically. In addition, a haematological investigation was performed. A significant increase in the number of thrombocytes was seen in animals receiving the DPT-polio and meningococcal vaccines containing 25 micrograms protein ml-1, and an increase in the number of leucocytes, due to an increase of neutrophils and monocytes, was seen in animals receiving the DPT-polio and meningococcal vaccine containing 50 micrograms protein ml-1. In comparison with the DPT-polio vaccine (a product generally acceptable for use in man), the local inflammatory reaction in the muscles was less in rats injected with the meningococcal vaccines (especially in the 25 micrograms protein ml-1 group).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:Local reactions of Zwittergent-containing meningococcal vaccine after intramuscular injection in rats: comparison with the effect of diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus-polio vaccine. 314 90

The Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) was established in 1974 to develop and expand immunization programs throughout the world. In 1977, the goal was set to make immunization against diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, poliomyelitis, measles and tuberculosis available to every child in the world by 1990. Problems encountered by the Program have included: lack of public and governmental awareness of the scope and seriousness of the target diseases; ineffective program management; inadequate equipment and skills for vaccine storage and handling; and insufficient means for monitoring program impact as reflected by increasing immunization coverage levels and decreasing incidence of the target diseases. When the EPI was initiated in 1974, fewer than 5% of children in developing countries were receiving a 3rd dose of DPT and poliomyelitis vaccines in their 1st year of life. These coverage levels have now surpassed 50% in developing countries, and millions of cases of the target disease have been prevented. Over 700,000 measles deaths were prevented by immunization in developing countries in 1987, and an increasing number of neonatal tetanus deaths is now being prevented by maternal immunization and improved childbirth conditions. Poliomyelitis immunization efforts have been so successful that the Pan American Health Organization is leading a drive to eradicate poliomyelitis from the Americas by 1990. The successes of the Program represent a major public health achievement, but much remains to be done. Measles still kills nearly 2 million children each year, neonatal tetanus kills some 800,000 newborns, and pertussis nearly 600,000 children. 250,000 cases of paralytic poliomyelitis still occur annually. The major challenges now facing the EPI are accelerating and sustaining national immunization efforts.
 ...
PMID:Expanded programme on immunization. 317 15

Even though Costa Rica is underdeveloped economically, life expectancy has been increasing over the past decade and the illiteracy rate was only 7% in 1984. Infant mortality rates have plummeted since 1972 when the 1st national health plan and social security were instituted (pre-1972: 2.3% annual reduction in infant mortality; 1972-1980: 13% decline annually). Decreased risk in the 1st postnatal month of life was responsible for 34% of the decrease from 1972-1980. Control of disease, especially diarrhea and acute respiratory infection, accounted for most of the decline (51%). Immunizations accounted for 8%, prevention of infectious diseases for 10%, control of malnutrition for 5%, and control of death due to premature birth for 14% of the decrease in mortality. Infant death due to pregnancy and delivery complications and congenital defects did not decrease during this period. Socioeconomic conditions normally influence survival rates strongly, but socioeconomic change in Costa Rica during 1970-1980 accounted for only 1/3 of the reduction in infant mortality. These improvements included an increase in the number of educated women, economic growth and decline in fertility (a decrease from 7.6 to 3.4 births between 1960-1980). The majority of the reduction stemmed from utilization of family planning techniques and the reduction of health risk factors. By 1980, the health program initiated in the 1970's provided primary care to 60% of the population, immunized 95% of the children against poliomyelitis, diptheria, pertussis, tetanus, and measles, and by 1984, provided almost all households with a sewage system. Analyses of the impact of socioeconomic development, fertility regulation, hospital care, outpatient services, and primary health care on infant mortality showed that, before 1970, those areas with better economies had a lower mortality rate, and after 1970, the economy and mortality rate had become independent variables. Furthermore, the introduction of health programs in the 1970's correlated with the accelerated decrease in mortality.
 ...
PMID:Costa Rica saves infants' lives. 325 42

The feasibility of giving measles vaccine mixed with either diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus (DPT) or DPT-poliomyelitis (DPTP) vaccine was investigated to simplify the routine immunization schedule. Children 12 to 18 months of age, due for measles immunization, were given measles vaccine alone or mixed with DPT or DPTP. Their prevaccination and four-weeks postvaccination serum samples were tested for the measles virus hemagglutination-inhibition antibody titer. Although 191 children completed the study, only 160 were initially seronegative. The seroconversion rates and geometric mean antibody titers in children given measles vaccine alone, mixed with DPT, or mixed with DPTP were 98%, 96.3%, and 96.4% and 41, 53, and 53, respectively. Local and systemic reactions were no more frequent in children given the mixture of vaccines than in children given DPTP alone. In summary, injecting measles vaccine mixed with DPT or DPTP did not diminish its immunogenic potency or increase adverse reactions. We believe that freshly mixed measles and DPT or DPTP vaccines can be given together, thus avoiding two separate injections.
 ...
PMID:Antibody response of children to measles vaccine mixed with diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus or diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus-poliomyelitis vaccine. 325 42

A short-term toxicity study was performed to investigate local reactions and hematological changes after im injection of Quillaia A (Quil A; 50 or 600 micrograms/ml) an essential component of an immunostimulating complex (iscom), a novel form of a subunit vaccine, and of iscom measles vaccine containing 360 micrograms Quil A/ml. The effects were compared with those caused by a sterile phosphate-buffered saline solution and by diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus-polio (DPT-polio) vaccine. Groups of six male rats were injected im with 0.25 ml of the test solution: on Day 0 in the left and on Day 7 in the right musculus gastrocnemius. On Day 14 the animals were killed, and the left and right inguinal lymph nodes were weighed. These organs and the left and right musculus gastrocnemius were investigated microscopically. The only hematological changes observed occurred in the group injected with DPT-polio vaccine: a decrease in the Hb value and in the number of erythrocytes and an increase in mean corpuscular hemoglobin content and in the number of leucocytes. The weights of the left and right inguinal lymph nodes were significantly increased in rats injected with DPT-polio vaccine, iscom measles vaccine, and the high dose of Quil A. The most intense granulomatous inflammatory reaction, mainly consisting of activated macrophages, was observed at the injection sites of all animals of the DPT-polio group. Only one animal injected with the iscom measles vaccine showed a moderate inflammatory reaction of the same type.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:Local reactions of the saponin Quil A and a Quil A containing iscom measles vaccine after intramuscular injection of rats: a comparison with the effect of DPT-polio vaccine. 325 20

A Haemophilus influenzae type b capsular polysaccharide-diphtheria toxoid conjugate vaccine (PRP-D) is capable of protecting infants against invasive H. influenzae diseases. Therefore it is very likely that it will be incorporated in routine vaccination schedules during the next few years. In order to test the suitability of simultaneous administration of PRP-D and other vaccines we administered it to 25 infants mixed with diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine at 3, 4 and 6 months and simultaneously, but in a separate syringe, with inactivated polio vaccine at 12 months. A comparison group of equal size received only diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis and inactivated poliovirus vaccines. The concentration of postvaccination antibodies to diphtheria toxoid was 0.411 IU/ml in the group that received PRP-D vs. 0.352 IU/ml in the comparison group, to tetanus toxoid 3.666 vs. 3.668 IU/ml and the neutralization titer to poliovirus type 1 was 370 vs. 320 units in the comparison group, to type 2 titer values were 230 vs. 270 units and to type 3, respectively, 210 vs. 290 units. Thus the seroresponse to antigens in routine vaccines was not affected by the presence of PRP-D in the vaccination schedule, and PRP-D can safely and effectively be included in the vaccination schedule of infancy.
 ...
PMID:Simultaneous administration of Haemophilus influenzae type b capsular polysaccharide-diphtheria toxoid conjugate vaccine with routine diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis and inactivated poliovirus vaccinations of childhood. 326 14

The Expanded Program on Immunization was initiated by the World Health Organization in 1974. In 1984, the World Bank, the UN Development Program, the UN Children's Fund, the World Health Organization, and the Rockefeller Foundation formed the Task Force for Child Survival, which, along with private and voluntary groups mobilizes support for the Immunization Program. With collaboration from the US Centers for Disease Control, the World Health Organization has produced training materials for use in various countries and worked with the UN Childrens Fund, which has contributed new cold chain methods for the immunization program. The immunization program provided a building block for a health infrastructure in many countries. It collaborated with the Diarrheal Diseases Control Program to develop integrated training programs, with the Division of Family Health to develop a training module on child spacing, and with the Nutrition Program in introducing vitamin A and iodine supplementation. In 1974, fewer than 5% of children in developing countries were immunized; today 50% are reached with a 3rd dose of polio or diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus vaccines. Immunization started slowly and then increased rapidly since the mid-1980s because the program's 1st objectives were to develop sound national plans and to train a core of competent managers in each country. Measles immunization coverage is low (37%) because the vaccination program is recent and the present vaccine cannot be given before the age of 9 months. Coverage of pregnant women for tetanus is even lower (19%). The number of immunizations could be increased if clinics would provide immunizations during acute care visits. Community mobilization and outside financial assistance are needed; full immunization of 1 child costs $10. The Expanded Program on Immunization hopes to achieve the eradication of polio by 2000 and the eradication of neonatal tetanus and 90% reduction in measles by 1995. Vaccines are being developed for yellow fever, hepatitis B, Japanese encephalitis B, rotavirus, typhoid, shigella, cholera, and leprosy, as well as a measles vaccine that can be given at 6 months. Primary care emphases will be on maternal and child nutrition, diarrheal disease control, birth spacing, and vitamin A and iodine supplementation. The Expanded Program on Immunization will focus on applied research, leaving basic research to be carried out by the Vaccine Development Program, the Basic Vaccinology Program, the Special Program of Research Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction, and the Diseases Control Program.
 ...
PMID:Immunizing the children of the world: progress and prospects. 326 62


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10