Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0043167 (pertussis)
 19,595 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The occurrence of subcutaneous nodules at the injection site is one of the complications of diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis-poliomyelitis vaccination, but the causes and mechanisms involved are still poorly understood. An experimental study in the New Zealand rabbit enabled us to determine the frequency of occurrence of these nodules, how long they persist and the histopathologic features of the cells involved. Aluminium (Al) assays by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry allowed us to study concentrations both in nodules and the organism (serum, normal skin). The results show an absence of Al diffusion outside nodules, a correlation between infiltrate intensity and Al concentration in nodules and modifications in the histological constituents of nodule cells. The histological picture indicates a foreign body reaction to Al. All these data underscore the role of Al in the formation of early postvaccinal nodules at the injection site.
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PMID:Role of aluminium in skin reactions after diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis-poliomyelitis vaccination: an experimental study in rabbits. 158 78

On June 13, 1991, President George Bush announced in a White House ceremony a local planning effort to break down barriers and provide better access to immunization in six representative localities "to solve the problem of late immunization." (children need to be immunized appropriately by their second birthday, not just in time for school.). The community "Immunization Action Plans" (IAP) are one of several Federal, State, and local responses to an outbreak of measles that produced 27,600 cases and 89 deaths in 1990. The community effort and subsequent early childhood immunization plans around the country are also part of a much broader effort initiated by Secretary Sullivan as a Healthy People Year 2000 goal to increase immunization levels to at least 90 percent for the nation's children by their second birthday. These efforts also respond to 13 recommendations for improving immunization availability made by the National Vaccine Advisory Committee in January 1991. The recommendations focused on improvements in the management of immunization delivery and in methods for measuring immunization status, increasing appropriate consumer demand, and other prevention needs. Although measles prompted the action, the immunization initiative is aimed also at eight other communicable childhood diseases--diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis or whooping cough, poliomyelitis, mumps, rubella, and Haemophilus influenza type b that causes bacterial meningitis, and hepatitis B. Details are described of the immunization action plans developed by Dallas, TX; Maricopa County (Phoenix), AZ; South Dakota; Detroit, MI; San Diego, CA; and Philadelphia, PA, to ensure that children are fully immunized not just by the time they enter school but by age 2 years. The six were chosen by the Centers for Disease Control as representative of many without adequate childhood immunization coverage.
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PMID:Six areas lead national early immunization drive. 159 33

The international community has launched the Children's Vaccine Initiative, which has created the most ambitious grouping of public and private sector interests ever to tackle a global health issue. Developed by WHO, UNICEF, UNDP, the World Bank, and the Rockefeller Foundation, the initiative is the result of decisions taken at the World Summit for Children, held in New York in September 1990. During that meeting, world leaders requested greater resources for the development of new or better vaccines. The Children's Vaccine Initiative, says WHO Director-General Dr. Hiroshi Nakajima, will not only yield specific benefits in improving vaccines, it will also establish a process of collaboration between the public and private sectors, which will have far-reaching benefits in other areas. The new initiative comes on the heels of another international effort, the successful Expanded Program on Immunization, which in 1990 achieved its goal of immunizing 80% of the world's children against 6 major childhood diseases: poliomyelitis, measles, tuberculosis, diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus. The new initiative will strive to develop vaccines against a wider spectrum of viral, bacterial, and parasitic diseases which cause mortality in children. These diseases include rotavirus infection, hepatitis A and E, dengue, Japanese encephalitis, acute respiratory diseases, meningococcal meningitis, diarrheal diseases, pneumococcal pneumonia, and malaria. The new initiative will also seek to improve existing vaccines, making them easier to administer and less painful and costly.
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PMID:New children's vaccine initiative launched. 160 Apr 43

Vaccination is one of the most effective health promotion activities, but specific targets have been difficult and costly to achieve, and have frequently fallen short of the desired aims, leaving some vulnerable groups unprotected. Policy in the UK has differed for the childhood diseases and in some cases, for example diphtheria and poliomyelitis, has been successful in almost eliminating the disease. In other cases, such as that of pertussis, there has been public opposition, and for other diseases, for example, measles, sufficient numbers of the susceptible population have only recently been reached. Although the World Health Organization target of 90% uptake for the childhood diseases has been reached for all except pertussis, the figures conceal lower uptake rates in some areas, particularly the inner cities. The introduction of target payments to general practitioners appears to have had some effect in increasing uptake rates, particularly in some inner city areas, although the change in immunization schedules may also have had an impact. Target payments fail to take account of the difficulties faced by inner city GPs and, in effect, favour those who need to make least effort, since, in some areas, high uptake rates may already have been achieved before targets were introduced. It is suggested that there is a case for special local development programmes in inner city areas which will provide help with improving record keeping and recall systems for immunization. An alternative policy, which might be more difficult to implement, would be to have targets which could be set at different levels in different areas so that uptake rates could be progressively improved.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Immunization in the UK: policy review and future economic options. 162 11

From 1989 through 1991, in the United States, the incidence of reported measles increased sixfold to ninefold over the median annual incidence (1.3 per 100,000 population) reported from 1981 through 1988. In 1990, the peak of the resurgence, the incidence of measles among children aged less than 5 years was 15-fold higher than the median 1981-1988 incidence (4.8 per 100,000) (1). During 1991, approximately 9500 cases were reported (Figure 1), including 4662 cases among children aged less than 5 years (CDC, unpublished data). The measles epidemic is a consequence primarily of the failure to vaccinate preschool-aged children at appropriate ages (2); among children aged 16-59 months who developed measles during this resurgence, only 15% had received measles vaccine as recommended (CDC, unpublished data). This report compares the number of public clinic vaccinations* (i.e., all measles-containing vaccines [MCV], diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine [DTP], and oral polio vaccine [OPV]) for 1988 with that for 1989-1991 in response to the measles resurgence.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Public-sector vaccination efforts in response to the resurgence of measles among preschool-aged children--United States, 1989-1991. 163 Apr 30

A National Serum Bank was established to store sera obtained during the National Seroepidemiological Survey performed in Mexico in 1987. More than 70,000 serum samples were obtained from subjects of either sex 1-99 years of age in each of the 32 states of the country. The current collection of sera includes 28,704 male samples and 40,629 female samples. This paper describes the procedures for handling serum samples, including reception registry, storage and distribution to several laboratories for detection of measles, rubella, poliomyelitis, AIDS, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, brucella, salmonella, amoeba, toxoplasma, American trypanosomiasis and cysticercus. Determinations of total cholesterol were also made in order to describe its distribution and to identify the prevalence of hypercholesterolemia.
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PMID:[The National Serum Bank]. 163 28

New vaccine developments will reflect achievements of the World Health Organization's (WHO) Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI), as well as resistance from the public toward increasing numbers of vaccines. WHO's EPI program has concentrated on tuberculosis, diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough, polio, and measles. 35 countries are attempting to control hepatitis B with universal vaccination. Now some countries are also recommending vaccination against Haemophilus influenza, mumps, and rubella. The complexity of multiple injections has prompted new research on acellular vaccines for pertussis, hepatitis A and B, varicella, and malaria. Combined vaccines and new adjuvants are also targets of intense research. Vaccines are a priority, because they are among the most cost-effective of medical interventions.
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PMID:New developments in vaccinology. 163 65

The work was aimed at the comparative study of the intensity of immunity to diphtheria, tetanus and poliomyelitis, depending on the number of injections of adsorbed diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus (DPT) vaccine and poliomyelitis vaccine, for the purpose of finding out the possibility of reducing the antigenic load given to children without diminishing the intensity of immunity. To determine the level of immunity to diphtheria and tetanus, 1900 children under school age were serologically studied by the micromethod in the passive hemagglutination test. The intensity of immunity to poliomyelitis virus was studied in 333 children by means of the neutralization test. The immunogenic properties of the diphtheria component of adsorbed DPT vaccine were found to be less pronounced than those of the tetanus component of the vaccine, which made it impossible to reduce the antigenic load by decreasing the number of vaccinations against diphtheria. The results of the study of postvaccinal immunity to poliomyelitis suggest that during the first and second year of life the course of vaccination against poliomyelitis may be reduced to 3 injections.
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PMID:[The level of postvaccinal immunity to diphtheria, tetanus and poliomyelitis in relation to the number of inoculations]. 165 72

Immunogenicity and reactogenicity of the oral rhesus rotavirus vaccine (RRV) were assessed among 72 infants (6 weeks old) in Lahore, Pakistan, from August to December 1985. Special emphasis was placed on the possible interaction or interference caused by giving RRV at the time infants received their first polio immunization. RRV was given to the infants at the same time as diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP), oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV), or inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV). The immune response to RRV was assessed by plaque-reduction neutralization 3 weeks after immunization and serum immunoglobulin (Ig) G and IgA antibody levels to poliovirus type 1 were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) after polio immunizations. Of the infants in the group given RRV with OPV, 50% had a two- to four-fold rise in neutralization titre against rotavirus, compared with 22% in the group given RRV with DTP and 20% in the group given RRV and IPV (P less than 0.05). Interference by live oral polio vaccination in the response to RRV seems unlikely. We observed no significant difference in rates of seroconversion of IgG antibodies to poliovirus type 1 among infants aged 18 and 21 weeks who received RRV and OPV (81%), RRV with delayed OPV (67%), or RRV and IPV (59%). Administration of RRV was safe and was not associated with adverse reactions in the 6 weeks old infants. The low rate of seroconversion to rotavirus suggests that a more antigen-rich vaccine or multiple doses of the same vaccine might produce a better immune response.
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PMID:Immunogenicity and reactogenicity of rhesus rotavirus vaccine given in combination with oral or inactivated poliovirus vaccines and diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine. 165 74

Sixty two children who were diagnosed to be suffering from any of the six vaccine preventable diseases were studied to know their vaccination status prior to the occurrence of these diseases. A total of 33.9% of these children had developed these diseases inspite of full immunization. Nearly 75% of immunized children had received the vaccine from Government sources. The break-up diseases among the children studied was tetanus (35.5%), poliomyelitis and pulmonary tuberculosis (22.6% each), measles (11.3%), diphtheria (6.4%) and pertussis (1.6%). The vaccinated children who developed poliomyelitis belonged to a relatively higher age group. Seventy one per cent of measles cases developed bronchopneumonia as a complication. Seventy five per cent of the mortality in the children studied was due to tetanus neonatorum. Since one third of the children studied had developed diseases inspite of full immunization, it is inferred that closer monitoring of the Cold Chain System and intensive surveillance at peripheral levels are required.
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PMID:Extent of occurrence of the six vaccine preventable diseases in vaccinated/unvaccinated children. 174 12


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