Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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 19,595 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A paper by Hazlett et al. is of particular importance because it addresses the question of the role of acute respiratory infections (ARI) as a cause of morbidity and especially mortality in 3rd world children. Diarrheal disease and malnutrition are generally thought to be the major killers of these children, and until recently little attention was paid to ARI. Recent data suggest that ARI are more important than realized previously and almost certainly are the leading cause of death in children in developing countries. It is estimated that each year more than 15 million children less than 5 years old die, obviously most in socially and economically deprived countries. Since death usually is due to a combination of social, economic, and medical factors, it is impossible to obtain precise data on the causes of death. It has been estimated that 5 million of the deaths are due to diarrhea, over 3 million due to pneumonia, 2 million to measles, 1.5 million to pertussis, 1 million to tetanus, and the other 2.5 million or less to other causes. Since pertussis is an acute respiratory infection and measles deaths frequently are due to infections of the respiratory tract, it is becoming clear that ARI are associated with more deaths than any other single cause. The significance of this is emphasized when the mortality rates from ARI in developed and underdeveloped nations are compared. Depending on the countries compared, age group, and other factors, increases of 5-10-fold have been reported. These factors raise the question of why respiratory infections are so lethal for 3rd world children. The severity of pneumonia, which is the cause of most ARI deaths, seems to be the big difference. Data are accumulating which show that bacterial infections are associated with the majority of severe infections and "Streptococcus pneumoniae" and "Haemophilus influenzae," infrequent causes of pneumonia in developed world children, are the microorganisms incriminated in a large proportion of cases. The increase in severity of ARI in 3rd world children has been associated, at least in port, with malnutrition, diarrheal diseases, an increased parasite load, and more recently with air pollution. Crowding and other factors associated with poverty doubtless also play a role. How these various factors contribute to increased severity and lethality is not well understood. The increasing recognition of the important role played by ARI as causes of mortality in 3rd world children is encouraging. The UN International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF) has joined the World Health Organization in the battle against ARI in developing countries, and the 2 organizations recently issued a joint statement on the subject in which they pledged to collaborate to integrate an ARI component into the primary health care program.
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PMID:Acute respiratory infections are the leading cause of death in children in developing countries. 394 32

The decline in infectious disease mortality in England and Wales beginning about 1880 has been attributed to improved nutrition, hygiene, and sanitation. Such an explanation does not adequately explain the lack of improvement in infant and diarrheal disease mortality before 1900 nor the abrupt subsequent decline. A hypothesis was proposed that the decline in fertility rate was a major cause of the decline in infant mortality by raising the median age at infection. The hypothesis could only be tested indirectly. A review of morbidity data demonstrates the importance of family characteristics on the median age at infection for measles, pertussis, and common respiratory illness. The association of parity with infectious disease mortality supports the hypothesis. A method was developed for estimating the change in birth order distribution resulting from declining fertility. Using 1949-1950 data, it was shown that declining fertility could account for at least a 24% decline in postneonatal mortality due to bronchitis and pneumonia. Age-specific measles mortality rates are consistent, with an increase in age at infection. Declining fertility appears to have played a major role in the decline in infectious disease mortality in England and Wales by increasing the median age at infection.
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PMID:Declining fertility in England and Wales as a major cause of the twentieth century decline in mortality. The role of changing family size and age structure in infectious disease mortality in infancy. 404 Mar 22

The pharmacokinetics of ceftriaxone (Ro 13-9904, CTRX) was studied in 14 children receiving a dose of 10, 20 mg/kg or 1 g as a intravenous bolus. The mean half-lives of CTRX were 4.5, 6.3 +/- 0.5 and 5.2 +/- 0.7 hours, respectively, while the urinary recovery rates up to 12 hours were 51.7, 48.6 and 48.9%. Forty-one patients, aged 2 months to 10 years, were treated with an intravenous dosage of 10 to 58 mg/kg CTRX every 12 hours for 2 to 29 days. The diseases consisted of upper respiratory tract infections (4), bronchitis (7), pneumonia (18), pyothorax (2), urinary tract infections (4), pertussis (4), meningitis (1) and endocarditis (1). Clinical cures were achieved in 38 cases, overall clinical response rate being 92.7%. No serious side effects were observed, although mild diarrhea was seen in 2 cases.
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PMID:[Ceftriaxone therapy for pediatric infections]. 609 95

This report involves the study of skin test carried out using five antigens (tuberculin, candidin, -haemolytic streptococcus, staphylococcus albus, pertussis bacillus) in 33 patients hospitalised in a polyvalent intensive care unit with two criteria of inclusion:--associated excretion of 20 g of nitrogen or more per hour;--severe infectious complications (either pneumonia or septicaemia). Three patient populations were found: true anergism (all skin tests negative), relative anergism (one test only positive) and reactive (at least two tests positive). Results were analysed at two levels. With regard to the value of the tests: the use of candidin or of haemolytic streptococcus alone would have sufficed to classify the patients within the same groups with two exceptions. Secondly, from a prognostic standpoint, the study confirmed data in the literature. There was a significant between the anergic and reactive groups in terms of survival. This applied both to tests performed at the time of admission of the patients as well as those repeated one week later.
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PMID:[Prognostic importance of skin tests in high-risk patients hospitalized in an intensive care unit]. 611 32

Ceftazidime (CAZ), developed by Glaxo U.K., was used in pediatric patients with acute infections, and the following results were obtained. The mean blood concentrations of CAZ in 2 children were 142, 70.3, 46.9, 35.7, 16.2, 5.82 and 2.36 micrograms/ml at 5, 15, 30 minutes, 1, 2, 4 and 6 hours, respectively, after start of 5 minutes' intravenous injection of 20 mg/kg, with the half-life of 1.25 hours. CAZ was administered to 19 pediatric patients with acute infections. Out of them, 15 patients, i.e., 3 with acute tonsillitis, 1 with acute bronchitis, 5 with bronchopneumonia, 2 with pertussis accompanying pneumonia, 2 with Salmonella enteritis, 1 with impetigo staphylogenes and 1 with subdural abscess, were adopted for the evaluation, and the other 4 were excluded from the evaluation because of inadequate indications. The efficacy rate in these 15 cases was 93.3%. The doses used in 14 out of the evaluated 15 cases ranged from 31 to 50 mg/kg/day, the frequency of dosing was twice daily in 8 cases and 3 times daily in 7 cases. One shot intravenous injection was used in 6 cases, intravenous drip infusion in 8, and combination of these, in 1 case. The duration of treatment was 2 days in 3 cases, 3 days in 3, 4 days in 4, and 5 days in 3 cases. Patients with severe infections were generally given large doses for long-term. No clinical adverse event was observed in any case. In laboratory examinations, slight elevation of S-GPT alone was observed in 1 case. From the above results, CAZ was considered to be a highly useful drug in the field of pediatrics.
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PMID:[Clinical study on ceftazidime in the field of pediatrics]. 637 51

The seven major childhood infectious diseases-measles, mumps, rubella, polio, diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus-can cause permanent disability and, in some cases, death. They all can be prevented by immunization, but prior to the National Childhood Immunization Initiative of 1977 more than a third of all children under age 15 were not properly protected. And even though vaccines are now available to reduce the risk of influenza, hepatitis B, and pneumococcal pneumonia, many high risk patients are not protected. Outbreaks of measles and pertussis, and occasionally of diphtheria and polio, during the mid-1970s indicate that immunization must be emphasized continually. With the combination of safe, effective vaccines, public and private programs, and a reliable disease surveillance and outbreak containment system, infectious diseases can be controlled. The Department of Health and Human Services has proposed a major initiative designed to eliminate the indigenous occurrence of measles.
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PMID:Preventive health services: Immunization. 641 18

Cefoperazone (CPZ) was given intravenously to 23 children with the following acute bacterial infections; 10 cases of pneumonia, 4 cases of urinary tract infection, 2 cases of purulent cervical lymphadenitis, 2 cases of pertussis pneumonia, 2 cases of septicemia, 1 case of osteomyelitis, 1 case of perforative peritonitis and 1 case of bacterial meningitis. Clinical effectiveness was obtained in 20 cases out of 23 cases and bacteriological effectiveness in 14 cases out of 17 cases. With CPZ, the following side effects developed; transient diarrhea in 1 case, asymptomatic eosinophilia in 2 cases. From the above clinical results, it is apparent that CPZ is a useful antibiotic for treating pediatric patients with various kinds of bacterial infections.
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PMID:[Clinical experience with cefoperazone in the pediatric field (author's transl)]. 645 40

A new semisynthetic 1-oxa-beta-lactam derivative, 6059-S, was evaluated for its safety and efficacy in children. Twenty-five patients were treated with 10 to 274 mg/kg per day of 6059-S by intravenous administrations. The diagnosis of the patients were acute pharyngitis (2), acute bronchitis (2), pneumonia (4), pertussis (4), acute enterocolitis (2), recurrent urinary tract infection (2), suspected septicemia (3), and acute purulent meningitis (1); and the remaining 5 patients were considered to have nonbacterial infections. The pathogens recovered were Streptococcus pneumoniae (1), Haemophilus influenzae (4), Haemophilus parainfluenzae (1), Enterobacter cloacae (1), Enterobacter aerogenes (1), Proteus morganii (1), Psuedomonas aeruginosa (2) and Salmonella typhimurium (1). All the patients of bacterial infections were cured after the 6059-S therapy. However, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella typhimurium were not eradicated after the 6059-S therapy, and the rate of bacterial disappearance was 75%. Diarrhea (3), precordial pain (2, only in cases with high-dose therapy), transient elevation of GOT and GPT (2), and transient eosinophilia (2) were found to be associated with the 6059-S therapy. However, no severe adverse reactions were encountered. Half life of the serum 6059-S level was 1.34 +/- 0.16 hours. CSF concentrations in a case with Haemophilus influenzae meningitis ranged 4.0 to 9.7 mcg/ml after an intravenous injection of 34.3 to 75 mg/kg of 6059-S. From the present study, 6059-S appears to be a safe and effective antibiotic when used in children with susceptible bacterial infections. It remains to be further determined whether 6059-S is superior to ABPC in the treatment of Haemophilus influenzae meningitis.
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PMID:[Clinical evaluation of 6059-S therapy in children (author's transl)]. 645 68

Basic and clinical studies of latamoxef (LMOX) were carried out in neonates. In basic study, these neonates consisted of 16 mature babies and 12 premature babies. LMOX was administered at dose of 10 and 20 mg/kg, either as a single intravenous injection or as a 60 minutes intravenous drip infusion. Both the mature babies and the premature babies were divided into 3 subgroups as a function of the number of days after birth (0--3, 4--7 and 8--25 days). A clinical study of LMOX was performed in 12 neonates aged between 0--35 days, consisting 6 males and 6 females. (Purulent meningitis 4 cases, septicemia 1 case, bronchopneumonia 5 cases, pertussis pneumonia 1 case, urinary tract infection 1 case). Serum concentration and urinary excretion 10 mg/kg, one shot intravenous injection In the 3 subgroups of neonates the peak serum concentrations of LMOX were found to range from 14.6 to 28.9 micrograms/ml. Although there was no significant difference, the half-life of the drug became shorter as the age of the neonates increased, these values were 4.46, 3.85 and 3.30 hours, respectively. 10 mg/kg, 60 minutes intravenous drip infusion. As above, the peak LMOX serum concentrations were found to range from 23.7 to 38.9 micrograms/ml, the half-lives of the 3 subgroups were 4.83, 2.48 and 3.01 hours, respectively. And urinary excretions were ranged from 46.0 to 56.5% for 6 hours. 20 mg/kg, one shot intravenous injection The peak serum concentrations were found to range from 31.0--82.5 micrograms/ml, and it was found out 3.29--15.9 micrograms/ml at 8 hours after the injection. There was a tendency for the half-life to be shorter in more mature subjects in 3 subgroups. 20 mg/kg, 60 minutes intravenous drip infusion In the 3 subgroups, the peak concentration was the level existing at the end of the intravenous drip infusion, and that showed a range of 41.8--58.6 micrograms/ml. Half-lives were found out the significant difference to their age, these showed 4.08, 2.31 and 2.52 hours. Cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of LMOX Cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of LMOX were studied in 2 cases at the dose about 50 mg/kg. In 1 case, that's meningitis estimated E. coli organism, the cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of LMOX were found to range from 29.0 to 49.9 micrograms/ml in that acute state. In another case from N. meningitidis, that values were found to range 12.1 to 21.3 micrograms/ml. These cerebrospinal levels were superior value at it's penetration ratio. Clinical studies.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:[Experimental and clinical evaluation latamoxef in newborn and premature infants]. 665 51

Clinical trials of 9,3"-diacetylmidecamycin (MOM), a new macrolide antibiotic were carried out on 46 pediatric patients of 1 month to 11 years old with infections (acute pharyngitis 12, acute tonsillitis 1, acute bronchitis 14, asthmatic bronchitis 10, acute pneumonia 1, primary atypical pneumonia 2, Mycoplasma pneumonia 4 and pertussis 2). As a rule, MOM was given orally at a daily dose of 20 approximately 40 mg/kg divided into 3 times. The clinical results were excellent in 5 patients, good in 21, fair in 7 and poor in 13 and the efficacy rate was 56.5%. Side effects were observed in 4 patients (diarrhea, exanthema, urticaria and eosinophilia, 1 patient respectively). MOM is easy to take and a useful antibiotic for treating patients with bacterial infections, in particular, respiratory tract infection caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae.
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PMID:[Clinical studies of 9,3"-diacetylmidecamycin in pediatric field (author's transl)]. 697 41


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