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Query: UMLS:C0043167 (pertussis)
 19,595 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The french calendar of vaccinations is devised by the General Directorate of Health (Technical Committee of Vaccinations, High Council of Hygiene) and is regularly updated. The 1990 calendar has recently been published. Primary combined immunization against diphtheria, tetanus, poliomyelitis and pertussis has been brought forward from 3 to 2 months for better prevention of pertussis in young infants. BCG remains mandatory and can be administered in the first days of life without any risk of failure. Immunization against measles, mumps and rubella is performed between the ages of 12 and 15 months and has recently been the object of a national promotional program. The timetable must be respected to reach the national and international objectives which are to maintain a high degree of vaccinal cover in order to eradicate viral diseases with human reservoir, i.e. poliomyelitis, rubella, measles and mumps. In the near future, the calendar will be improved by the advent of a vaccine against Haemophilus B and, perhaps, an acellular pertussis vaccine. As it is possible to leave long intervals between the various vaccinations and vaccinal associations, this calendar can easily be applied to infants and catching up is facilitated.
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PMID:[Vaccination schedule, present and future]. 228 Dec 64

116 immunizations were given to 61 children with febrile convulsion or epilepsy who had not had a seizure for 1 year since the last attack. In 92 of the 116 immunizations the electroencephalogram (EEG) was examined before and after immunization. No adverse effects on the EEG were observed in 19 immunizations with Japanese encephalitis, measles, mumps or rubella vaccines. Epileptic spikes reappeared after 10 immunizations and epileptic spikes increased after 10 immunizations among 73 given for diphtheria, acellular pertussis and tetanus (DPT), diphtheria and tetanus (DT), or Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG). A convulsion was observed once in one child 7 days after immunization with BCG. A follow-up EEG examination is necessary after children with convulsive disorders are immunized.
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PMID:Adverse effects on EEG and clinical condition after immunizing children with convulsive disorders. 228 15

In summary, tremendous advances have been made over the past 15 years toward the development of effective national immunization programs throughout the world. Immunization levels among children in the developing world have risen dramatically, and in some instances, now equal or exceed levels in industrialized nations. There is no room for complacency, however, because millions of children remain incompletely immunized and many die each year from measles, pertussis, and neonatal tetanus. Immunization activities need to be intensified, accelerated, and sustained within the context of the primary health care system. Expansion of immunization programs to include additional vaccines and other simple health interventions will yield further benefits in the years ahead.
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PMID:Worldwide control of disease through immunization. Progress and prospects. 234 89

The Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) was initiated in India in 1978 with the objective to reduce morbidity and mortality from diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, poliomyelitis and childhood tuberculosis by providing immunization services to all eligible children and pregnant women by 1990. Measles vaccine was included when the EPI was accelerated by launching the Universal Immunization Programme (UIP) in 1985-6. Approximately half of all infants now receive complete primary immunization with diphtheria, polio and tetanus (DPT), oral polio vaccine (OPV) and BCG vaccine. Forty-six per cent of pregnant women currently receive a second or booster dose of tetanus toxoid (TT). Surveillance reports from selected areas have documented impact through reduction of disease incidence. Although vaccination coverage levels are increasing, continued acceleration is needed to achieve the universal levels targeted for 1990.
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PMID:The expanded programme on immunization: a decade of progress in India. 247 39

In april 1986 a questionnaire was submitted to the mothers of a randomized sample of children born in 1984 in a city of the hinterland of Milan. The aim of the investigation was to get information on the level of knowledge of the population on pertussis and measles diseases and on pertussis and measles vaccinations that are optional in our country. The mothers were also asked to specify the reasons of not having vaccinated their children. Aut of 146 questionnaires distributed, 137 (93%) were filled. According to the mother's recall, 22 (16%) children had been vaccinated against pertussis and 36 (26%) against measles. On the whole, the results indicate that the lack of pertussis and measles vaccinations was mainly due to ignorance about the diseases and about the vaccines. Indeed, the reasons for the lack of vaccination most frequently given by the mothers were: " belief that a child msut get these diseases" (23% of the answers for pertussis and 36% for measles), " ignorance of the availability of vaccines " (32% for anti-pertussis and 16% for anti-measles vaccination); "poor knowledge on the facilities in which to get child vaccinated" (23% for anti-pertussis and 16% for anti-measles vaccination). Moreover, on the total of the 137 interviewed mothers only 37% and 56%, respectively, knew that natural pertussis and natural measles may be accompanied or followed by complications. The frequency of the various answers was rather homogeneous regardless of the mother's schooling and of mother being a house-wife or working outside the home. It is therefore concluded that to obtain a satisfactory compliance to measles and pertussis vaccinations, it is necessary to educate parents and to improve their knowledge of the diseases and of the benefits of the vaccines.
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PMID:[Survey of the use of vaccination against measles and pertussis in a city of the Milanese hinterland]. 248

In accordance with a World Health Assembly resolution of 1974, all children of the world are to be immunized by the year 1990. Thus was the origin of world wide Expanded Program for Immunization (EPI). Currently, this program prevents 2 million deaths from measles, pertussis and neonatal tetanus, and 1/4 a million deaths from paralytic poliomyelitis each year. Nevertheless, nearly 3 million children die, 200,000 are paralyzed and 150,000 are blinded by diseases which are preventable by immunization. Measles alone kills 1.6 million children each year and vaccination against it reduces child mortality by 30%. Added to the problems of maintaining an effective cold chain, and provision of managerial guidance for the distribution of vaccines, is the fact that measles vaccine can only be administered at 9 months age or older. However, current work on vaccines is focused on the development of a high titer of a more immunogenic measles vaccine which can be administered at 6 months of age. In spite of further potential for improvement in existing vaccinations and the development of new vaccines, resources are limited for such advancement. This limitation is partly due to misallocation of monetary resources, where priority is given to armament projects, instead of directing the funds to programs that save lives.
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PMID:Saving children's lives by vaccination. 251 92

To focus attention on the problem of infant mortality in Lebanon, data were compiled on infant mortality from 1978 to 1986 at the American University of Beirut Medical Center. Causes of death are analyzed for 602 males and 398 females. 54.9% deaths occurred at 1 month of age and 77.4% died within the 1st year. Autopsies were performed on .7%. 37.7% of all neonatal deaths were due to neonatal diseases such as hyaline membrane disease, asphyxia neonatorum, immaturity, necrotizing enterocolitis, hemorrhage, hemolysis, meconium aspiration, and kernicterus. Better prenatal care would reduce this group, or the administration of corticosteroids to the mother 24-48 hours prior to delivery, as well as rapid resuscitation at birth and prevention of the 5 curses: hypoxemia, hypoglycemia, hypothermia, hypotension, and acidosis. Although unavailable in Lebanon, administration of surfactants through an endotracheal tube would also help. Infections constitute 25.1% of deaths; many are preventable through adequate public health measures and strict personal hygiene, i.e., diseases such as sepsis, pneumonia, meningitis, gastroenteritis, hepatitis, encephalitis, and 1-2 cases of the following: diphtheria, measles, peritonitis, tetanus, tuberculosis, cytomegalis inclusion, herpes, parathyphoid, pertussis, poliomyelitis, and shigellosis. Congenital diseases were 21.6%. In utero diagnosis could prevent some diseases and in utero treatment is possible for hydrocephalus and hydronephrosis. Screening programs postnatally could lead to treatment. 5.9% were malignancies such as leukemia, lymphoma, brain tumors, histocytosis, Wilm's tumor, Ewing sarcoma, and Hodgkin's disease. Early diagnosis is critical if mortality is to be reduced in this group, but medical advances are still needed. 2.9% are miscellaneous diseases such as poisoning, rheumatic diseases, marasmus, Reye's syndrome, nephrosis, rickets, and epilepsy. Most of these diseases are preventable, except for rheumatic inflammation of the heart. Recommended necessary steps to reduce infant mortality are: prenatal care, diagnosis and screening, intrauterine surgery; resuscitation and intensive care centers with modern equipment and trained personnel; national vaccination and screening programs; adequate public health measures and hygiene; parental education; and well-equipped hospitals to serve all regardless of income level.
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PMID:Pediatric mortality: an avoidable tragedy. 251 28

Isolated ("punctual") spot checks in individual cities or regions of Federal Lands cannot result in a convincing pattern of the degree of vaccination achieved. In January 1988 the Land of Slesvig-Holstein started the statistical recording of complete protection by vaccination in accordance with age (preventive health care for children and adolescents by protective vaccination). The Medical Services for Juveniles carry out this work which also includes counselling, for four age groups (5 to 14 years). Statistics are compiled on the basis of documents proving the vaccination. Achievement of complete protection is recorded, including regular and delayed results for measles, mumps, BCG, pertussis and rubella. Such long-term statistics on results can be obtained only if all the work teams of youth doctors cooperate and if they are properly motivated to determine the state of health of the population.
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PMID:[Vaccination status of children and adolescents in Schleswig-Holstein. Principles and initial experiences of an assessment throughout the district]. 252 96

A study of the minor side effects from the immunization of children against diphtheria/pertussis/tetanus, diphtheria/tetanus, and measles is reported. The sample of 306 children received 1028 vaccinations. A secondary study of measles vaccine was made on 177 immunizations. A diary card was used to provide control data before injections and to measure the increase in incidence of minor symptoms after injection. The reported incidence of side effects after both diphtheria/tetanus and measles vaccinations was low and the patterns similar. The increase in side effects was greater after diphtheria/pertussis/tetanus injection, particularly when there was soreness at the injection site. The incidence of soreness was lower when the site of the injection was the buttock rather than the arm. The diary card was found to be an effective method of providing control data and of monitoring any increase in the incidence of minor symptoms following immunizations. The information obtained should assist health care workers to provide accurate advice and to reassure parents who are concerned about their children's protection.
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PMID:Survey to establish the incidence of minor side effects in infants following protective immunization. 255 85

A cohort of 522 children entering primary school were reviewed for contraindications to immunisation. Every child in the group would have been eligible to receive diphtheria, tetanus, polio, and measles immunisation if the current (1988) Department of Health and Social Security (DHSS) guidelines had been followed. Only 2.5% of the cohort met the DHSS contraindications to pertussis immunisation.
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PMID:Incidence of contraindications to immunisation. 262 28


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