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Query: UMLS:C0043167 (pertussis)
 19,595 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The reputation of vaccination rests on a 200-year-old history of success against major infectious diseases. That success has led to the doctrine of 'for each disease, a vaccine'. Although some diseases have proved frustrating, this doctrine carries considerable truth. However, when one reviews the vaccines now available it is apparent that most successes have been obtained when the microbe has a bacteremic or viremic phase during which it is susceptible to the action of neutralizing antibodies, and before replication in the particular organ to which it is tropic. Poliomyelitis and infections by capsulated bacteria are examples where vaccination has worked efficiently. However, some success has also been achieved against agents replicating on respiratory or gastrointestinal mucosae. Influenza, pertussis and rotavirus vaccines are examples of such agents, against which it has been possible to induce immune responses acting locally as well as systemically. In addition, when bacteria produce disease through exotoxins, purification and chemical or genetic inactivation of those toxins has yielded highly efficacious vaccines. Control of intracellular pathogens has not been achieved, except partly with the BCG vaccine against tuberculosis, and modern efforts are directed towards pathogens against which cellular immune responses are critical. In general, two achievements have been crucial to the success of vaccines: the induction of long-lasting immunological memory in individuals and the stimulation of a herd immunity that enhances control of infectious diseases in populations.
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PMID:Vaccination against the major infectious diseases. 1064 88

Whole killed meningococci (Nm) and pertussis bacteria (Bp) were tested for mucosal immunogenicity and as mucosal adjuvants for an inactivated influenza virus vaccine given intranasally to unanaesthetized mice. Virus was given alone, or simply mixed with one of the bacterial preparations, in four doses at weekly intervals. The virus alone induced low but significant increases of influenza-specific IgG antibodies in serum measured by ELISA, whereas IgA responses in serum and saliva were insignificant compared to non-immunized controls. With Bp or Nm admixed, serum IgG and IgA and salivary IgA responses to the influenza virus were substantially augmented (P<0.005). However, this adjuvant effect of the bacterial preparations was not significant for responses in the intestine as measured by antibodies in faeces. Antibody responses to Bp itself, but not to Nm, were inhibited by the admixture of the virus vaccine. Moreover, the pertussis preparation induced salivary antibodies which cross-reacted with Nm. Whole-cell bacteria with inherent strong mucosal immunogenicity may also possess mucosal adjuvanticity for admixed particulate antigens which are weakly immunogenic by the nasal route.
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PMID:Inactivated meningococci and pertussis bacteria are immunogenic and act as mucosal adjuvants for a nasal inactivated influenza virus vaccine. 1069 40

Banked acute-phase and convalescent-phase serum samples from a previous study of respiratory illness in university students were examined for significant (>/=2-fold) increases in ELISA titers of IgA and IgG antibody to Bordetella pertussis filamentous hemagglutinin, pertactin, and fimbriae-2 and >/=4-fold titer increases to agglutinogens by agglutination. ELISA titers of antibody to pertussis toxin could not be determined because of technical problems. Chlamydia pneumoniae infections were diagnosed by culture or by a >/=4-fold increase in immunofluorescence assay titer or a single high titer (>/=512). Mycoplasma pneumoniae, influenza A and B, adenovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus infections were diagnosed by >/=4-fold increases in complement fixation titer or a single high titer (>/=64). There were 319 subjects with cough of >/=5 days' duration, and of these, 47 (15%) had significant increases in antibody to B. pertussis antigens; 26 (8%) had significant increases to fimbriae-2 or agglutinogens, indicative of B. pertussis infection, and 2 (1%) had evidence of non-B. pertussis bordetella infections. Seventeen (36%) had evidence of mixed infections or cross-reacting antibodies (influenza B infections, 5; adenovirus infections, 4; influenza A infections, 3; C. pneumoniae infections, 3; and M. pneumoniae infections, 2). Our findings suggest that bordetella infections are common in young adults with cough illnesses (incidence, 9%), and a surprising number of these are mixed infections with other respiratory pathogens.
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PMID:Frequency of serological evidence of Bordetella infections and mixed infections with other respiratory pathogens in university students with cough illnesses. 1091 88

Concern about emerging and reemerging respiratory pathogens prompted the development of a respiratory disease reference laboratory at the Naval Health Research Center. Professionals working in this laboratory have instituted population-based surveillance for pathogens that affect military trainees and responded to threats of increased respiratory disease among high-risk military groups. Capabilities of this laboratory that are unique within the Department of Defense include adenovirus testing by viral shell culture and microneutralization serotyping, influenza culture and hemagglutination inhibition serotyping, and other special testing for Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Mycoplasma pneumonia, and Chlamydia pneumoniae. Projected capabilities of this laboratory include more advanced testing for these pathogens and testing for other emerging pathogens, including Bordetella pertussis, Legionella pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae type B. Such capabilities make the laboratory a valuable resource for military public health.
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PMID:The Naval Health Research Center Respiratory Disease Laboratory. 1092 Jun 35

Adult immunization is a neglected and underpublicised issue in Southeast Asia. Vaccine-preventable diseases cause unnecessary morbidity and mortality among adults in the region, while inadequate immunization results in unnecessary costs, including those associated with hospitalization, treatment, and loss of income. Childhood vaccination coverage is high for the EPI diseases of diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis; however, unvaccinated, undervaccinated, and aging adults with waning immunity remain at risk from infection and may benefit from vaccination. Catch-up immunization is advisable for adults seronegative for hepatitis B virus, while immunization against the hepatitis A and varicella viruses may benefit those who remain susceptible. Among older adults, immunization against influenza and pneumococcal infections is likely to be beneficial in reducing morbidity and mortality. Certain vaccinations are also recommended for specific groups, such as rubella for women of child-bearing age, typhoid for those travelling to high-endemicity areas, and several vaccines for high-risk occupational groups such as health care workers. This paper presents an overview of a number of vaccine-preventable diseases which occur in adults, and highlights the importance of immunization to protect those at risk of infection.
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PMID:Adult immunization--a neglected issue in Southeast Asia. 1102 89

Health-care personnel (HCP) are at risk for infection from occupational exposure, and can transmit infectious pathogens to patients and other personnel. The risk of disease acquisition depends on factors including the virulence of the causative organism, the mode of pathogen transmission, and the immune competency of the exposed individual. This article reviews the management of occupational exposure, infection, and strategies for the prevention of transmission of selected vaccine-prevent- able diseases (varicella zoster virus, influenza, pertussis) and bloodborne pathogens (hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, human immunodeficiency virus). Recommended strategies include surveillance, vaccination, infection control measures, and postexposure prophylaxis. Improved detection, management, and prevention strategies are needed to reduce the risk of trans- mission of infection to HCP.
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PMID:Infections Associated with Health-care Personnel: Vaccine-preventable Diseases and Bloodborne Pathogens. 1109 95

We studied immunization for 128 handicapped patients, from 3 to 15 years of age, in a Seishi Gakuen Hospital, with 8 vaccines: diphtheria-purified acellular pertussis-tetanus combined (DPT), BCG, polio, measles, rubella, mumps, varicella, and Japanese B encephalitis. The rate of vaccination in these patients was lower than in healthy children at 3 years of age in Kanazawa City. There was no significant difference between patients with and without epilepsy. The rate was higher in the hospitalized patients than in the outpatients. More than 90% of the hospitalized patients was immunized against influenza under informed consent in 1997 and 1998. Despite pandemics of influenza in Kanazawa City, where the hospital was located, the period of fever by influenza was significantly shorter in our patients in both 1997 and 1998 than in 1996. Although a half of our patients had epilepsy, they were safely vaccinated with few side effects.
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PMID:[Survey of vaccination for physically-handicapped and epileptic children]. 1119 90

Most vaccines are still delivered by injection. Mucosal vaccination would increase compliance and decrease the risk of spread of infectious diseases due to contaminated syringes. However, most vaccines are unable to induce immune responses when administered mucosally, and require the use of strong adjuvant on effective delivery systems. Cholera toxin (CT) and Escherichia coli enterotoxin (LT) are powerful mucosal adjuvants when co-administered with soluble antigens. However, their use in humans is hampered by their extremely high toxicity. During the past few years, site-directed mutagenesis has permitted the generation of LT and CT mutants fully non toxic or with dramatically reduced toxicity, which still retain their strong adjuvanticity at the mucosal level. Among these mutants, are LTK63 (serine-to-lysine substitution at position 63 in the A subunit) and LTR72 (alanine-to-arginine substitution at position 72 in the A subunit). The first is fully non toxic, whereas the latter retains some residual enzymatic activity. Both of them are extremely active as mucosal adjuvants, being able to induce very high titers of antibodies specific for the antigen with which they are co-administered. Both mutants have now been tested as mucosal adjuvants in different animal species using a wide variety of antigens. Interestingly, mucosal delivery (nasal or oral) of antigens together with LTK63 or LTR72 mutants also conferred protection against challenge in appropriate animal models (e.g. tetanus, Helicobacter pylori, pertussis, pneumococci, influenza, etc). In conclusion, these LTK63 and LTR72 mutants are safe adjuvants to enhance the immunogenicity of vaccines at the mucosal level, and will be tested soon in humans.
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PMID:Mucosal vaccines: non toxic derivatives of LT and CT as mucosal adjuvants. 1125 89

There is no agreement on immunization of children treated with chemotherapy (CT) for solid tumors. Based on a review of the literature, we have attempted to establish guidelines on this subject. Except for hepatitis B vaccine, there is no argument to support the use of vaccine during CT. After a standard CT, a 3-month washout period appears to be necessary before starting an immunization program for a child not previously vaccinated, or to proceed with the recommended booster injections for diphteria anatoxin, tetanus vaccine, poliomyelitis inactivated vaccine, pertussis vaccine, and haemophilus influenza type b vaccine if the child is less than 5 years old. For mumps, measles, and rubella live vaccines, a longer post-CT washout of 6 months is suggested for the initial immunization, or for a revaccination of a child proved to be negative for all three serologies. Following high-dose CT a minimal 12-months term and a normalization of the blood lymphocytes count is necessary before planning booster injections once having checked for antidiphteria, tetanic, polio, measles, mumps, rubella and +/- haemophilus antibody titles. We don't find any reason to recommend a systematic varicella immunization in pediatric oncology. Pneumococcal vaccine is recommended in case of asplenia. Any other vaccination (BCG, influenza, yellow fever) must be evaluated individually.
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PMID:[Immunization for children treated for solid tumors: what are the guidelines?]. 1148 58

A variety of different types of nasal vaccine systems has been described to include cholera toxin, microspheres, nanoparticles, liposomes, attenuated virus and cells and outer membrane proteins (proteosomes). The present review describes our work on the use of the cationic polysaccharide, chitosan as a delivery system for nasally administered vaccines. Several animal studies have been carried out on influenza, pertussis and diphtheria vaccines with good results. After nasal administration of the chitosan-antigen nasal vaccines it was generally found that the nasal formulation induced significant serum IgG responses similar to and secretory IgA levels superior to what was induced by a parenteral administration of the vaccine. Animals vaccinated via the nasal route with the various chitosan-antigen vaccines were also found to be protected against the appropriate challenge. So far the nasal chitosan vaccine delivery system has been tested for vaccination against influenza in human subjects. The results of the study showed that the nasal chitosan influenza vaccine was both effective and protective according to the CPMP requirements. The mechanism of action of the chitosan nasal vaccine delivery system is also discussed.
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PMID:Chitosan as a novel nasal delivery system for vaccines. 1151 81


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