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Query: UMLS:C0043167 (pertussis)
 19,595 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Influenza vaccines together with pertussis toxin B oligomer (PTB) purified from a culture supernatant of Bordetella pertussis were administered intranasally into mice to test for an adjuvant effect of the PTB. An inactivated virus vaccine and an ether-treated HA vaccine prepared from influenza virus A/Yamagata/120/86 (H1N1) and formulated with PTB, stimulated production of serum haemagglutinin inhibition (HI) antibody and pulmonary and endotracheal secretory IgA antibody to high titres. In addition, mice immunized with the influenza vaccines formulated with PTB were protected against exposure with a challenge virus. These results demonstrate that PTB can enhance the immunogenicity of influenza vaccines administered intranasally.
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PMID:Enhancing effects of pertussis toxin B oligomer on the immunogenicity of influenza vaccine administered intranasally. 785 88

The acceptance of vaccinations depends on the quality of information on effects and side effects. This publication deals with the results of three questionnaire studies: Questionnaire 1 was directed to the general population and contained questions on vaccination history and acceptance of vaccinations, questionnaire two and three were addressed to practitioners (general medicine/paediatrics/internal medicine) with additional questions on the number of vaccinations performed per year. An average of 50% of the persons taking part in the questionnaire study had been vaccinated within the last 10 years against diphtheria, tetanus, polio and/or influenza. The acceptance of these vaccinations was quite satisfactory whereas opinions on mumps and measles vaccinations were quite negative. In the course of the questionnaire study with practitioners it could be demonstrated that vaccinations against diphtheria, tetanus, polio and influenza were regarded as useful while immunisation against mumps, measles, tuberculosis, pertussis and chicken-pox were not regarded as useful. Information programes on vaccinations and the need for further investigations are discussed as well as the problem of mandatory vaccinations.
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PMID:[Acceptance of preventive vaccinations by physicians and the general population]. 791 98

Scientific evidence documenting the effectiveness of immunization delivery methods was summarized using the generic approach developed by the Community Health Practice Guidelines Working Group. The delivery methods examined were those for the adult and childhood vaccines of influenza, pneumococcal infection, hepatitis B, measles-mumps-rubella and diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus-polio. Based on a critical appraisal of 54 eligible comparative studies, the effects of different interventions were obtained and pooled effects were calculated for delivery methods oriented to the client, the provider and the system. The results indicate those interventions found to be most effective for each vaccine. This review of the scientific evidence of the effectiveness of immunization delivery methods provides a base for policy development and assists in the planning of resource allocation.
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PMID:Evaluation of the effectiveness of immunization delivery methods. 798 55

Infection remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in transplant patients. Many infections, however, can be successfully prevented by immunization. This presentation reviews the problems associated with, and the questions that arise concerning the use of routine pediatric vaccines, such as diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus (DPT) and measles-mumps-rubella (MMR). It also reviews the use of special vaccines such as hepatitis B, pneumococcal, and influenza vaccines in transplant patients. Data concerning the use of two experimental, live-attenuated virus vaccines, against cytomegalovirus (CMV) and varicella, are discussed. The live-attenuated varicella vaccine can be predicted to decrease the morbidity and mortality of varicella-zoster virus infection in transplant patients. It has already been given successfully to immunocompromised children and is highly effective in the prevention of varicella.
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PMID:Immunizations for pediatric transplant patients. 824 77

The immunization status of active duty pediatric dependents served by the National Naval Medical Center was surveyed to estimate the degree to which this group was in compliance with immunization requirements. Four hundred sixteen patients who presented consecutively to a pediatric acute care clinic had their medical and immunization records screened. Ten percent of patients did not have complete records of immunization. Of the 375 patients remaining, 52 (13.9%) were deficient in one or more required immunizations based on their current age. The highest rates of delay were seen for the Haemophilus influenza vaccine followed by measles, mumps, rubella, and diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis. The most common reason for missing immunizations was parental unfamiliarity with the recommended schedule. This study suggests that a significant number of dependents in our catchment area were delayed in immunization and that accurate record keeping and patient education about immunizations needs to be improved.
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PMID:Immunization status of a military dependent population. 836 91

Many childhood diseases can be prevented by proper immunization. The purpose of this article is to provide information about the risks and benefits associated with vaccines used in the United States for children under one year of age. Vaccines can be made from live or killed organisms and can stimulate both local and systemic immunity. The immunization schedule recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics is presented. Information about the use of routine vaccines, their risks and the diseases they prevent, is presented. Vaccines included are diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, poliomyelitis, Haemophilus influenzae, influenza viruses and hepatitis B. Research is ongoing to develop new vaccines and improve those currently in use.
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PMID:Prevention of childhood diseases through vaccination. 847 10

To gain insights into a possible immune defect predisposing to disseminated mycobacteria infection, we studied three of six surviving children with disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex infection, who had no recognized form of immunodeficiency. We used mycobacteria isolated from the patients and diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis vaccine (DTP) to study antigen-specific T lymphocyte responses. We observed that interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) production by T cells in response to antigens (both mycobacteria and DTP) in these patients with disseminated infection was greatly impaired. This defect did not seem to be the result of T cell unresponsiveness, as phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) stimulation was able to induce high levels of IFN-gamma comparable to those seen in control patients with localized infection. Further experiments showed that peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from patients with disseminated infection were able to present influenza haemagglutinin (HA) peptides to specific T cell clones. However, this ability was lost when the whole HA protein was used as source of antigen. Taken together, these observations support the notion that the primary immune defect in these patients with disseminated mycobacterial infection rests in the antigen-processing functions of their antigen-presenting cells (APC). These findings may provide clues to the wider problem of susceptibility to mycobacteria and other intracellular pathogens and have implications in designing therapy for these patients.
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PMID:Defective antigen processing associated with familial disseminated mycobacteriosis. 856 83

Following the demonstration of the strong adjuvant effect of whole-cell DTP vaccine (wDTP) on the immune responses to influenza subunit vaccine, studies were undertaken to identify the component of wDTP responsible for the adjuvant effect, and to determine if acellular DTP (aDTP) vaccine was as effective since it is less reactogenic and likely to replace wDTP for primary or secondary immunisation. In addition, wDTP and aDTP were directly compared in a dose-response study. Experiments in mice indicated that the adjuvant effect of wDTP resided in the LPS component of B. pertussis, since purified LPS enhanced the IgG antibody response, the IgG subclass response and protection to the same level as wDTP. An adjuvant effect was detected using aDTP, but was statistically less pronounced than wDTP by a factor of some 100-fold. These results suggest that immunisation against influenza in infants and young children can be achieved combining small amounts of influenza antigen with wDTP or LPS, and to a lesser extent by combining vaccine with aDTP. However, these results were obtained in mice and should be confirmed in man since species vary considerably in response to adjuvant.
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PMID:Immune response and protection against influenza A infection in mice immunised with subunit influenza A vaccine in combination with whole cell or acellular DTP vaccine. 857 39

Present strategies for vaccinations are based on new vaccines of classical (hepatitis A, influenza, varicella) or modern (hemophilus, hepatitis B) conceptions. They include variable schemes according to the vaccinal doses (hepatitis A, B, diphteria) or the number of injections (hepatitis A, B, rabies). Their goals are eradication (Measles, Mumps, Rubella), or immune maintenance by boosters (hepatitis A, poliomyelitis, tetanus). They introduce associated vaccines in the vaccinal calendar (diphteria, tetanus, poliomyelitis, pertussis, hemophilus b and hepatitis B). They enlarged the area of targeted vaccinations for at risk-professions or pathologies and for travellers.
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PMID:[New strategies of vaccination in France in 1995]. 888 Nov 99

In March 1992, March 1993, and June 1994, an international expert advisory committee oversaw a systematic and comprehensive review of potential interventions for preventing pneumonia among children aged less than 5 living in developing countries. The World Health Organization's Programme for the Control of Acute Respiratory Infections (ARIs) and the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine conducted the review. There were 28 individual intervention areas identified among six broad intervention groups. Immunization comprises one of the six broad intervention categories. Specific immunization interventions include increased coverage of measles and pertussis and new vaccines for Pneumococcus, H. influenza B, respiratory syncytial virus, and other viral vaccines. Improving nutrition interventions revolve around breast feeding, low birth weight, malnutrition, vitamin A, severe anemia, and other micronutrients (e.g., zinc). The broad intervention category of reducing environmental pollution encompasses indoor air pollution, environmental tobacco smoke, and outdoor air pollution. Severely malnourished children, high risk neonates, ARI (upper tract), helminths, and wheezing fall under the case management and chemoprophylaxis intervention category. Crowding, direct transmission, and HIV are addressed in the category of reducing transmission of pathogens. The category of improving child care practices includes care-seeking, avoiding chilling, other child care practices, maternal education, and child spacing. The specialists conducted modeling to determine the potential impact of various interventions. It showed that the potential impact of an intervention increases independently with the pre-intervention prevalence of the risk category, with the size of the associated relative risk, and with the reduction in risk-category prevalence achieved by the intervention. Modeling will be used to compare the potential impacts of ARI preventive approaches with the impact achievable with the case management strategy.
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PMID:Potential interventions for the prevention of childhood pneumonia in developing countries: a systematic review. 890 73


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