Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0043167 (pertussis)
 19,595 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The possibility that circulating immune complexes (IC) could modify lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity or release was explored in in vitro systems. IC were precipitated at antibody-Ag equivalence by using specific rabbit antisera and Ag from inactivated rubella virus and hemagglutinins from purified whole virions from three prototype strains of influenza (A/Brazil, A/Bangkok, and B/Singapore) as well as from a combined diphtheria and tetanus toxoid adsorbed with inactivated pertussis. After resolubilization, these IC were exposed to delipidated homogenates of rat epididymal fat pads before assay for LPL activity. LPL activity was stimulated two- to three-fold by the presence of 20 to 40 micrograms IC protein. This effect is not caused by the individual components of the IC because neither the specific Ag nor the individual antisera had any significant effect on LPL activity. With the rubella IC, a greater stimulatory effect was seen with increase in IC protein. With the influenza and diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus (DPT) IC, however, inhibition occurred when IC protein exceeded the amount of protein used for the LPL assay. C did not appear to be involved because IC prepared with heated antisera had similar effects. When intact rat epididymal fat pads were exposed to the rubella, influenza, or DPT IC, LPL activity recovered in the suspension medium was increased in each instance compared with pads exposed to a comparable amount of albumin. These findings may have implications for specific lipid changes that may occur during the immediate post-infectious period following rubella, influenza, or infections with the several bacteria whose Ag were present in the DPT IC used in these studies.
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PMID:Effects of in vitro prepared immune complexes on rat adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase. 278 30

Formation of lymph follicles in draining popliteal lymph nodes was examined in 8-week-old, male C57Bl/6 mice which had been injected in the rear footpad with any one of eleven test substances including thymus-dependent and thymus-independent antigens, and killed after 6-14 days. HGG (10-100 micrograms), MGG, tetanus and diphtheria toxoids (2-10 Lf) and influenza HA vaccine (35 CCA) induced germinal centers in association with existing follicles, but failed to produce new follicles in draining nodes. KLH (10-100 micrograms), SRBC (1 X 10(8)) and formalin-killed pertussis organisms (5 X 10(8)) induced germinal centers in existing follicles and also produced new follicles which soon developed germinal centers. Levan and PVP (10-100 micrograms) induced neither germinal centers nor new follicles. Ferritin (100 micrograms) virtually failed to induce germinal centers but produced a significant number of new primary follicles. In further experiments, artificially aggregated substances were examined with regards to their ability of inducing lymph follicle formation in draining nodes. Precipitated proteins such as alum-precipitated PHA, HGG, tetanus and diphtheria toxoids, "Sepharose"-PHA and "Sepharose"-HGG induced a significant number of new follicles. These observations suggest that efficient follicle formation is associated with particulate and high-molecular-weight antigens which are liable to be phagocytized, whereas soluble, poorly phagocytized antigens tend to be inefficient. Soluble proteins may be effective if given in precipitated form. Thymic dependency appears to be irrelevant. The present results point to a possible participation of macrophages in the mechanism of follicle formation.
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PMID:Formation of lymph follicles in draining lymph nodes after local injection of various antigenic substances in mice. 352 2

Focusing on the worldwide state of immunization, attention is directed to the progress being made in control of the 6 diseases -- measles, pertussis, diphtheria, tetanus, poliomyelitis, and tuberculosis -- using the vaccines and equipment now available. Major problems in world-wide vaccine coverage to be resolved are: management to ensure that adequate amounts of potent vaccine are delivered on time to susceptible infants; and funds to pay for this system of delivery over the next few decades. In 1974, at the time Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) was conceived, 5% of infants in the developing world received a 3rd dose of DPT or polio vaccine. At this time, more than 1/3 of infants in the developing countries receive a 3rd dose of DPT or polio vaccine, although only about 20% receive measles vaccine. Progress has been made, but it is not sufficient if the global target is to be realized. Except for measles, the target diseases have been brought under control in most of the European region, and eradication targets have been set for the end of the century. Additionally, there is wide use of vaccines against other diseases of importance to public health including rubella, mumps, hepatitis B, influenza, pneumonococcal and meningococcal infections. Africa has the highest mortality and morbidity rates for the target diseases, yet there has been some progress in EPI. In 1983, 19 countries achieved fully immunized rates of 45-87% of their target population. A priority for the African region is the upgrading of the management skills of the health workers involved in EPI. A major constraint in the region is the need for a good 'cold chain" to ensure that vaccines are stored and transported within the safe temperature range. 26 countries in the American region are considered to have achieved control of paralytic poliomyelitis. Innovative ideas have been used in this region, including the use of national immunization days and revolving funds for bulk purchase of vaccines. In the Southeast Asia region there has been a slow but steady increase in coverage for all antigens except BCG and measles. The major constraints in the Western Pacific region as the other regions are lack of management skills and financial resources. Some progress has been made in the Eastern Mediterranean region despite great variation in socioeconomic status between countries. Alternative strategies for the acceleration of EPI activities are outlined.
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PMID:A global view of immunisation. 382 Jan 51

Prevention of disease by vaccination has been one of the major triumphs of medicine. Studies have been done on many vaccines to determine their benefits, risks, and costs. These studies have demonstrated that the benefits outweigh the risks and costs for many vaccines including polio, pertussis, measles, mumps and rubella. Thus, the use of these vaccines provides a net saving to society. Other vaccines such as those influenza and pneumococcal disease are cost-effective relative to other health expenditures. The value of benefit-risk, benefit-cost, and cost-effectiveness analyses lies not in providing the definitive basis for a decision on vaccine use or evaluation. Rather, these analytic techniques provide a structured framework which permits decision-makers to consider all relevant components of the decision in perspective to their relative contributions and subsequent effects. It forces key assumptions to be made explicit and identifies areas in which data are inadequate. The results of such analyses can assist in justifying a vaccination programme (poliomyelitis), in disseminating a programme more widely (measles), in changing health policy (smallpox), and in planning for how a vaccine might be used (hepatitis B). Cost analyses of vaccination may suggest the value of a vaccination programme, but the programme may not be widely adopted (influenza and pneumococcal vaccines). The reasons for this gap between study conclusions and application may be: disagreement with the estimates and assumptions used in the analysis; skepticism over the methodology itself; or subjective views of the vaccine or disease which remains resistant to analytical exercises.
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PMID:Benefits, risks and costs of immunization programmes. 392 21

The antibody response obtained after vaccinating rabbits with the beta-subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-hCG) linked to several protein and polysaccharide carriers was measured. In all but one preparation, carbodiimide was used to couple the beta-hCG to the carrier. Tetanus toxoid (TT) and cholera vaccine proved the most effective carriers among those examined. TT from different manufacturers proved to be greatly different in free amino group content and differed in ability to participate in the coupling reaction. Reasonably good replication of the coupling reaction was obtained with different production lots from the same manufacturer. Inferior antigenic response was obtained with the products of coupling beta-hCG to H. pertussis, influenza vaccine, polylysine, pneumococcus polysaccharide, or E. coli polysaccharide. The findings indicate TT and cholera vaccine to be especially effective in enhancing the antigenicity of a weakly antigenic peptide but point to significant differences in the TT from different manufacturers.
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PMID:Formulation of a potential antipregnancy vaccine based on the beta-subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-hCG). I. Alternative macromolecular carriers. 398 87

This study describes the results of attempts to grow viruses from per-nasal swabs taken from 136 children with clinical pertussis.Altogether 37 strains of a variety of different viruses were isolated. Adenovirus was the most frequent, making up 30% of the total. Besides these, herpes simplex, measles, influenza A2, influenza B, mumps, poliovirus and respiratory syncytial virus were detected.Bordetella pertussis was isolated from 22% of the cases.It appears that a pertussis-like syndrome can be caused by many agents besides Bord. pertussis and an accurate diagnosis requires laboratory confirmation.
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PMID:The association of viruses with clinical pertussis. 432 94

Factors to be considered in designing immunization programs in developing countries are summarized. The limiting factors will usually be costs of vaccines, administration equipment and supplies, transport and maintenance of the cold chain. Choices have to be made about the sources of vaccines, whether produced locally or imported, size of vaccine lots and type of package, and quality control of vaccines. Selection of vaccines is treated in a separate appendix, but generally 3 groups are recognized: 1) recommended for general use: smallpox, diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, BCG, typhoid and measles; 2) recommended for special cases: polio and yellow fever; 3) not recommended for developing countries: rubella, mumps, influenza, cholera; and 4) vaccines in development stage only: arbovirus, rickettsia, trachoma, meningococci, plague and shigella. Schedules for vaccine administration are suggested, such as plans for vaccination every 2 years, plans for 4 courses of vaccinations including 1 at school entry, and special programs such as smallpox campaigns and immunization of adolescent girls and fertile women with tetanus. Finally the importance of recording of vaccinees and assessment of programs is discussed.
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PMID:Design of immunization programmes for developing countries. 467 78

Infections of the deeper respiratory airways can contribute to the progression of chronic asthmatic bronchitis. In the present report a number of microorganisms affecting the number of beta-adrenoceptors in guinea-pig lung homogenates are described. Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Bordetella pertussis and Escherichia coli O111B4 induced a significant decrease of the number of beta-adrenoceptors (by approximately 20%). Staphylococcus aureus, influenza A virus and Escherichia coli J5 were not active. These data point to a common factor shared by gram-negative bacilli; i.e. endotoxin. Purified endotoxin of E. coli O111B4 also decreased the number of beta-adrenoceptors, while E. coli J5-LPS did not. This suggests that neutral polysaccharides of bacterial cell walls, especially those in the 'O'-antigenic side chain of gram-negative endotoxins may be responsible for the decrease of beta-adrenoceptor number and therefore contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic asthmatic bronchitis. Intact endotoxin seems to be necessary since neither the isolated lipid nor the polysaccharide part of E. coli O111B4 LPS affected the number of beta-adrenoceptors in the lung.
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PMID:Bacterial cell wall components decrease the number of guinea-pig lung beta-adrenoceptors. 630 48

The seven major childhood infectious diseases-measles, mumps, rubella, polio, diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus-can cause permanent disability and, in some cases, death. They all can be prevented by immunization, but prior to the National Childhood Immunization Initiative of 1977 more than a third of all children under age 15 were not properly protected. And even though vaccines are now available to reduce the risk of influenza, hepatitis B, and pneumococcal pneumonia, many high risk patients are not protected. Outbreaks of measles and pertussis, and occasionally of diphtheria and polio, during the mid-1970s indicate that immunization must be emphasized continually. With the combination of safe, effective vaccines, public and private programs, and a reliable disease surveillance and outbreak containment system, infectious diseases can be controlled. The Department of Health and Human Services has proposed a major initiative designed to eliminate the indigenous occurrence of measles.
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PMID:Preventive health services: Immunization. 641 18

The technique of countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis (CI), using the N-acetyl glucosamine-binding lectin from Helix pomatia, provided a rapid, sensitive, inexpensive, specific and reliable method for assaying blood group A-like substances in both bacterial and viral vaccines. Blood group A-like substance was detected in the pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine manufactured by Merck Sharp & Dohme up to 1981 and in a staphylococcus vaccine ( Staphage Lysate) manufactured by Delmont Laboratories. Other US licensed vaccines, including diphtheria and tetanus toxoids, pertussis, meningococcal polysaccharide and influenza vaccines, did not contain detectable amounts of this substance. Human anti-A globulins did not provide a satisfactory reagent for the CI assay because they contained precipitating activities to the vaccine components.
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PMID:Detection of blood group A-like substance in bacterial and viral vaccines by countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis using Helix pomatia lectin. 642 47


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