Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0043167 (pertussis)
 19,595 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Researchers analyzed data from the National Child Development Study--a cohort of every child born in England, Scotland, and Wales during the 1st week of March 1953 with follow up studies in 1965, 1969, 1973, and 1980-1981 to examine the relationship between health status and birth order and whether children with low birth orders were less likely to experience illness than those with older siblings. 1st born children tended to have received the needed number of immunizations, but children of higher birth order did not tend to have received them. Further they were more likely to have attended infant welfare and toddler clinics for health care than children of higher birth order. The only childhood contagious disease which demonstrated a social class effect was pertussis. It tended to afflict children from nonmanual homes regardless of birth order. Absences from school lasting between 1 week-1 month of 1st born children were less frequent than for other children. The leading reasons for 1st, 3rd, and later born 11 year old children who experienced such long absences included infectious diseases; bronchitis; ear, nose, and throat complaints; pneumonia; tonsillitis, or viral influenza. After age 15, 1st and 2nd born children were less likely to be absent and, if absent, they tended to only miss 1 week of school. Significantly more 3rd and 4th born children were absent from school for 1 week-3 months. 1st and 2nd born children from more affluent families tended to have early childhood asthma. In conclusion, the health experiences of the later birth orders were different than those of the 1st born. This did not mean, however, that later birth order children were in poorer health than 1st born children.
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PMID:Birth order and health status in a British national sample. 173 12

In the past decade, immunization rates among preschool-age children in the United States have decreased to levels lower than those in many developing countries. As a result, epidemics of vaccine-preventable diseases have occurred, especially in urban areas. Six of the infections prevented by immunization--those caused by Bordetella pertussis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae type B, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, measles virus, and influenza virus--frequently cause respiratory tract disease. Pneumonia in children may have subtle presentations and require special considerations depending on the age and condition of the child and the current rate of disease in the community. In addition to the epidemics occurring throughout the country, the growing number of immunocompromised children has also influenced diagnostic, treatment, and prevention considerations. These patients include children with cancer, organ transplants, congenital immune disorders, sickle cell disease, human immunodeficiency virus infection, as well as other disorders that lead to increased risk of infection. The current recommendations for routine and special childhood immunizations are reviewed in this article.
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PMID:Vaccine-preventable respiratory infections in childhood. 180 99

Contrary to the regular immunization schedule for children, the majority of immunization are done in adulthood in case of special risks only, such as old age, chronic illness or exposure. The protection against a variety of communicable diseases has to be monitored and if necessary to be boosted regularly. Based on the routine vaccination scheme 1991 of the Federal Department of Public Health, the following vaccinations which are commercially available in Switzerland are discussed in this review: diphtheria, Haemophilus influenzae, hepatitis B, influenza, measles + mumps + rubella, meningococci, pertussis, pneumococci, poliomyelitis, tetanus, rabies, tuberculosis, varicella and tick encephalitis. Furthermore, the current recommendations are given for the prophylactic and therapeutic use of immunoglobuline preparations.
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PMID:[Active and passive immunization: 1991 status]. 185 65

Acute respiratory infections cause four and a half million deaths among children every year, the overwhelming majority occurring in developing countries. Pneumonia unassociated with measles causes 70% of these deaths; post-measles pneumonia, 15%; pertussis, 10%; and bronchiolitis and croup syndromes, 5%. Both bacterial and viral pathogens are responsible for these deaths. The most important bacterial agents are Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Staphylococcus aureus. The data on bacterial etiology of pneumonia during the first 3 months of life are limited, and almost no information on the role of chlamydia and pertussis in this age period is available. The distribution of viral pathogens in developing countries can be summarized as follows: respiratory syncytial virus, 15%-20%; parainfluenza viruses, 7%-10%; and influenza A and B viruses and adenovirus, 2%-4%. Mixed viral and bacterial infections occur frequently. Risk factors that increase the incidence and severity of lower respiratory infection in developing countries include large family size, lateness in the birth order, crowding, low birth weight, malnutrition, vitamin A deficiency, lack of breast feeding, pollution, and young age. Effective interventions for prevention and medical case management are urgently needed to save the lives of many children predisposed to severe disease.
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PMID:Epidemiology of acute respiratory infections in children of developing countries. 186 76

Immunization practice in 32 countries in Europe, North America, Japan, and Australia is reviewed. in most countries, immunization practices are set by the federal government which sometimes works with the private sector. Almost all countries routinely immunize against diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough, polio, and measles. About half try to prevent rubella, several try to prevent mumps, usually in combination with measles and rubella (MMR). More than half use bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BGG) vaccine to prevent tuberculosis, and a few give Hemophilus Influenza type B polysaccharide. Poliomyelitis vaccine comes in 2 forms: 1) oral live attenuated (OPV) or injectable inactivated (IPV). OPV is more used, but there is a new "enhanced potency IPV." All countries except Japan give DPT in 3 doses during the 1st year of life. OPV is usually given at the same time that DPT is. Measles vaccine or MMR is usually given between 12 and 18 months of age. Primary vaccine failure occurs in 2-5% of people who get measles vaccine, but this may be enough to "sustain transmission." In most countries, the government provides for immunizing children. An exception in the US. In the UK, low coverage has taken place because of concern for adverse reactions (whooping cough) or lack of appreciation of the disease's impact (measles). Coverage against both measles and pertussis has improved in the UK lately. In each developed country, vaccines have had "spectacular" effects. However, there are too many contraindications and there is "undue fear of adverse events." Also, there are surveillance deficiencies, a lack of coordination, and countries vary in their commitment to "reduction/elimination targets." Varicella vaccine, respiratory syncytial virus vaccine, and rotavirus vaccine are being considered for universal use. Attempts are being made to improve the safety of some vaccine.
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PMID:Immunisation practice in developed countries. 196 69

We have previously demonstrated that influenza A virus (IAV) stimulates the human neutrophil through phospholipase C activation. With the use of the fluorescent indicator 2',7'-bis(carboxyethyl)-5,6-carboxyfluorescein (BCECF), cytoplasmic acidification and subsequent alkalinization are shown to accompany this activation. These responses are not inhibited by pertussis toxin (PT). The alkalinization is mediated largely *but not entirely) by the Na(+)-H+ antiporter and is not initiated, or modulated, by the IAV-induced cytosolic Ca2+ (Cai2+) rise. Rather, protein kinase C (PKC) is likely the mediator of cell alkalinization, based on studies using the PKC inhibitor 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine (H-7). The acidification can be dissociated from the alkalinization response, which is also independent of Cai2+ fluxes and of PKC. Both pHi responses can be dissociated from the respiratory burst. Cytosolic alkalinization and acidification seem to reflect two independently mediated responses of the activated neutrophil, the former resulting ultimately from phospholipase activation and the latter from other activities that are not yet fully characterized.
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PMID:Human neutrophil stimulation by influenza virus: relationship of cytoplasmic pH changes to cell activation. 211 68

Neutrophil dysfunction consequent to influenza A virus infection has been described in vivo and in vitro and may contribute to the serious bacterial sequelae which occur in influenza-infected hosts. On the premise that such dysfunction may represent a form of "deactivation," we sought to characterize neutrophil activation by the virus in comparison with other agonists. The virus induces a respiratory burst in which H2O2 (but not O2-) are formed. Preceding the respiratory burst, a rise in intracellular calcium (Ca2+i) is noted, but both responses are nearly independent of extracellular Ca2+, unlike those elicited by the other well-characterized Ca2+-dependent agonists, formyl-methyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP), or Concanavalin-A (Con-A). The Ca2+ increase is paralleled by IP3 generation, implying that it is the result of phospholipase C (PLC) activation. The virus also elicits neutrophil membrane depolarization, which is independently mediated from the Ca2+ increase and respiratory burst and may reflect protein kinase C (PK-C) activation. Virus-induced responses are insensitive to pertussis toxin (PT); cholera toxin does inhibit these responses but in a nonspecific manner. Thus, although influenza virus activates PLC in neutrophils, it does so in a PT-insensitive manner and does not elicit or require a discernible Ca2+ influx to generate a respiratory burst response. In aggregate, the data indicate that influenza A virus activates neutrophils in a manner distinct from that of other well-described neutrophil agonists. These results illustrate the diversity of neutrophil activation mechanisms and support the notion that further characterization of this pathway may facilitate understanding of neutrophil dysfunction induced by the virus.
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PMID:Characterization of influenza A virus activation of the human neutrophil. 215 30

This paper summarizes the first study on clinical, etiologic, and epidemiologic features of acute lower respiratory tract infection (ALRI) in children in Argentina. A total of 1,003 children less than 5 years of age (805 inpatients and 198 outpatients) presenting with ALRI were studied during a 40-month period. Nasopharyngeal aspirate (NPA), blood, urine, and throat-swab samples were collected when each child was first seen for care. Virologic studies were performed on the NPA by means of indirect immunofluorescence and isolation of virus in cell culture. Bacteriologic studies primarily were done by means of culture of blood or pleural fluid (when available); Bordetella pertussis and Mycoplasma pneumoniae, however, were searched for by the use of immunofluorescence and complement-fixation testing, respectively, in paired sera. Respiratory syncytial virus was the most commonly isolated virus, followed by adenovirus, parainfluenza virus, and influenza virus. Streptococcus pneumoniae was the most frequently isolated bacterium, followed by B. pertussis and Haemophilus influenzae type b. Overall, the patient fatality rate was 3.8% among inpatients with pneumonia or bronchiolitis.
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PMID:Etiologic and clinical evaluation of acute lower respiratory tract infections in young Argentinian children: an overview. 227 Apr 11

Whooping cough is endemic throughout the world. It becomes epidemic every 4-5 years (Yugoslavia 3-4 yrs). In Europe its incidence ranges from 0.4 (Hungary) to even 59/100.000 inhabitants (Rumania; Yugoslavia 28), with a general letality of 0.1% (infants: 1%; 75% children who die are younger than one yr). Only 5-10% cases are supposed to be registered. A low socioeconomic status is more and more emphasized as the principal risk factor. Its transmission rate is high (home contacts: 80-100%); infectivity lasts five weeks, disease from the beginning of incubation to the sanation lasts 50-60 days. Female children are more frequently affected. The term "Pertussis syndrome" is more end more used because a similar disease can be caused by various agents (B. pertussis; B. parapertussis: 5%-20%-30% cases; B. bronchiseptica rarely; adenoviruses, RS virus, parainfluenza virus, influenza A and B virus, HSV, CMV, EBV, entero-, adeno-, corona-, rota-viruses; chlamydiae and mycoplasmae). Prior to introducing vaccination, 95% of population have had a typical or atypical form of pertussis. Its differential diagnosis includes pneumonias of various etiology, bronchitis, bronchiolitis during an acute respiratory infection, bronchial asthma, cystic fibrosis, tuberculosis and lymphadenopathy. Morbidity in USA was reduced by vaccination from 157 to 0,5-1,5/100,000 inhabitants; in SR Croatia it was six times reduced in period 1959-1970. According to the official sources 81% of children in Croatia and Yugoslavia get primovaccinated; the 80% level is generally accepted as a rational goal. Immunization schedules differ from country to country. Local and general reactions after combined vaccines are mostly caused by pertussis component.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Review of the present status of prevention, prophylaxis and therapy of pertussis and parapertussis]. 229 2

Natural immune reactions are mediated by lymphocytes, macrophages/monocytes, and neutrophils. The latter have been implicated in a variety of self-surveillance models, i.e., activity against malignant host cells, participation in wound repair, and infliction of damage in postischemic perfusion injury. Better characterized are the interactions with unopsonized pathogens through lectinophagocytosis mechanisms, where the lectin resides either on the phagocyte or on the microorganism. This review examines the infection by influenza A virus (IAV) of the human neutrophil, which results in the vigorous metabolic response of the cell to generate toxic oxygen species. This response is not necessarily characteristic of response to unopsonized particles, as the neutrophil exhibits no such activity to unopsonized zymosan or chlamydia. The virus elicits calcium mobilization from intracellular stores through a pertussis toxin-insensitive mechanism, and in its particulars the activation cascade is unique in comparison to any other characterized agonist. The putative receptor for the IAV binding protein, hemagglutinin (HA), contains the sialic acid residues; identification of specifically linked protein receptors will allow characterization of this stimulation pathway and will define the molecular biology of this activation sequence. Insight into this particular pathway may allow definition of a primitive recognition system that represents a fundamental basis for discernment of self and nonself entities.
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PMID:Influenza A virus and the neutrophil: a model of natural immunity. 240 57


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