Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0043167 (pertussis)
 19,595 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

It was found that protective immunity in excess of 90% reduction in worm burden could be stimulated against Nippostrongylus brasiliensis in rats by using an extract of adult Nippostrongylus worms. The level of protection achieved was influenced by several factors. Thus, the use of Bordetella pertussis as adjuvant significantly increased the level of protection which, in addition, was shown to be influenced by the amount of worm antigen used. Furthermore, antigen administered in multiple doses was more effective than a single inoculum and, when using such a regime, the interval between doses was also found to be critical. The route of antigen administration was important and, while protection was achieved by subcutaneous and oral administration, the intraperitoneal route was the most effective. Using the optimal immunization regime of 3 doses of 5 mg worm protein and 4 x 10(10( B. pertussis organisms, as adjuvant, levels of protective immunity in excess of 90% reduction in worm burden were shown to exist for at least 60 days after the last dose. It was found that adult worm extracts did not stimulate any obvious immunity against larval forms of N. brasiliensis.
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PMID:Immunization against Nippostrongylus brasiliensis in the rat. A study on the use of antigen extracted from adult parasites and the parameters which influence the level of protection. 4 95

Several attempts have been made to induce resistance in mice to Schistosoma japonicum (Philippines) or Schistosoma mansoni by exposure to living male and/or female adult worms, their antigens or irradiated cercariae. No resistance was demonstrated in the following cases: re-exposure of mice to cercariae following praziquantel (PZQ) treatment of existing infection; re-exposure of mice following cyclosporin A (CsA) treatment at the time of first cercarial exposure; subcutaneous or intraperitoneal deposition of living male or female worms; repeated intranasal administration of crude worm homogenates plus Bordetella pertussis vaccine (BPV) as adjuvant. Homologous 60Co-irradiated cercariae were very effective at inducing resistance to infection with S. mansoni but not to infection with S. japonicum (Philippines) in a limited series of experiments. A regime of infection, immunization with homologous Escherichia coli-derived glutathione-S-transferases (GST), then PZQ treatment followed by homologous re-exposure did not result in significant resistance in either the S. mansoni or the S. japonicum (Philippines) systems. Mice given irradiated cercariae plus GST were not more resistant to subsequent S. mansoni infection than mice given irradiated cercariae alone. The results generally confirm and extend those reported by others with the conclusion that resistance to schistosomes in mice is difficult to achieve by exposure to adult worm antigens alone. Moreover, additional immunization with the GST available to date as cloned gene products, and injected in Freund's complete adjuvant, does not influence the outcome of exposure to crude worm antigens including any additive effects of protective irradiated cercariae.
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PMID:Attempts to induce resistance in mice to Schistosoma japonicum and Schistosoma mansoni by exposure to crude schistosome antigens plus cloned glutathione-S-transferases. 212 38

Parasite-specific IgE response in rats infected with metacercariae of the lung fluke, Paragonimus ohirai, was enhanced about 8 times by Bordetella pertussis adjuvant. In rats infected by intraperitoneal transplantation of adult worms, the adjuvant markedly increased the usually low or absent parasite-specific IgE response. The most effective time of the adjuvant administration was different between the two modes of infections.
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PMID:Effect of Bordetella pertussis adjuvant on parasite-specific IgE response in Paragonimus ohirai-infected rats. 289 99

In the Nematospiroides dubius/mouse model of intestinal nematodiasis, young C57BL/6 male mice are highly susceptible in that they remain chronically infected after repeated oral administrations of infective third-stage larvae (L3). It was shown previously that a parenteral injection of small numbers of living adult worms, or their aqueous extracts, was highly effective at sensitizing these mice for accelerated rejection of adult worms but only when the mice were additionally injected with pertussigen from Bordetella pertussis. 'Host protective antigens' appear to be soluble proteins. This method of vaccination is largely ineffective in male mice of strains CBA/H and C3H/He and can actually be counterproductive in BALB/c mice. Thus, adult worms injected subcutaneously into male BALB/c mice will sensitize them for accelerated rejection and this effect is neutralized by simultaneous injection of such mice with pertussigen. The data highlight the known complexity of host-parasite relationships in intestinal parasitism and suggest that several different defects underlie the genetically based inability of some mice to reject N. dubius worms from the intestines following exposure to N. dubius antigens.
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PMID:Immunization with Nematospiroides dubius adult worms plus pertussigen has different consequences in mice of various genotypes. 609 6

The intestinal nematode Nematospiroides dubius persists for prolonged periods in mice after a single oral administration of infective larvae. After multiple administrations of larvae, some inbred mouse strains (termed 'resistant') develop the capacity to expel the majority of adult worms from the intestines. Other mouse strains such as CBA/H and C57BL/6 (and, in particular, males) are far more susceptible in that they expel few, if any, adult worms after repeated doses of larvae and may die with high worm burdens. One means to accelerate rejection of adult worms in a primary infection is to presensitize mice with a small number of living adult worms injected intraperitoneally. However, an impressive vaccination effect of ectopically implanted worms has only been demonstrated to date in resistant mouse strains. In this paper, success has been achieved in vaccinating genetically susceptible mice against chronic primary infection with N. dubius. Young male specific pathogen-free (SPF)-derived C57BL/6 mice demonstrate greater than 90% resistance after injection of adult worms but only when further injected with pertussigen from Bordetella pertussis as adjuvant. Accelerated rejection of adult worms appears to be the principal manifestation of resistance in vaccinated mice. A high degree of protection has also been obtained in recipients of pertussigen plus the supernatant of a crude worm extract equivalent to less than 10 adult worms per mouse. Although no information is available on the effector mechanisms responsible for worm rejection in vaccinated mice, pertussigen is known to increase both immediate and delayed type hypersensitivity responses and to increase tissue sensitivity to histamine. A strategy which sensitizes recipients such that a subsequent challenge infection is not sustained, and which is effective in highly susceptible hosts, opens the way to vaccination against chronic intestinal infections in those hosts most in need of protection.
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PMID:Vaccination of genetically susceptible mice against chronic infection with Nematospiroides dubius using pertussigen as adjuvant. 631 87

Many significant diseases of human civilization are thought to have arisen concurrently with the advent of agriculture in human society. It has been hypothesised that the food produced by farming increased population sizes to allow the maintenance of virulent pathogens, i.e. civilization pathogens, while domestic animals provided sources of disease to humans. To determine the relationship between pathogens in humans and domestic animals, I examined phylogenetic data for several human pathogens that are commonly evolutionarily linked to domestic animals: measles, pertussis, smallpox, tuberculosis, taenid worms, and falciparal malaria. The majority are civilization pathogens, although I have included others whose evolutionary origins have traditionally been ascribed to domestic animals. The strongest evidence for a domestic-animal origin exists for measles and pertussis, although the data do not exclude a non-domestic origin. As for the other pathogens, the evidence currently available makes it difficult to determine if the domestic-origin hypothesis is supported or refuted; in fact, intriguing data for tuberculosis and taenid worms suggests that transmission may occur as easily from humans to domestic animals. These findings do not abrogate the importance of agriculture in disease transmission; rather, if anything, they suggest an alternative, more complex series of effects than previously elucidated. Rather than domestication, the broader force for human pathogen evolution could be ecological change, namely anthropogenic modification of the environment. This is supported by evidence that many current emerging infectious diseases are associated with human modification of the environment. Agriculture may have changed the transmission ecology of pre-existing human pathogens, increased the success of pre-existing pathogen vectors, resulted in novel interactions between humans and wildlife, and, through the domestication of animals, provided a stable conduit for human infection by wildlife diseases.
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PMID:The origin of human pathogens: evaluating the role of agriculture and domestic animals in the evolution of human disease. 1667 5