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Query: UMLS:C0043167 (pertussis)
 19,595 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Similar movement disorders developed in two 8-year-old retarded children while they were receiving phenytoin. Seizures subsequent to a diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus immunization had developed in each child at 1 to 2 months of age. A static encephalopathy ensued, characterized by mental retardation, ataxia, spasticity, and a mixed seizure disorder. Intermittent dystonia and choreoathetosis developed insidiously while serum phenytoin concentrations were in the therapeutic range. Sustained dystonia and choreoatheosis developed 2 hours after an oral provocation with phenytoin. The baseline abnormalities on the electroencephalogram remained unchanged during the choreoathetosis. Recognizable metabolic abnormalities known to be associated with similar movement disorders were excluded. It was concluded from these studies that the movement disorder is secondary to phenytoin and can occur at therapeutic serum concentrations. Phenytoin is a central anticholinergic agent and a central stimulant of serotonin, and may induce movement disorders as a result of altering these neurotransmitters in the brain. The variable expression of these movement disorders may relate to the nature of the preexisting striatal insult.
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PMID:Phenytoin-induced dystonia and choreoathetosis in two retarded epileptic children. 94 1

The diagnosis of epilepsy is sometimes difficult in childhood. The events witnessed in children may be atypical and the interictal electroencephalogram (EEG) may be normal or contain non-specific abnormalities. The problems may be overcome by recording events on video-EEG telemetry. Over the first 18 months of this service, 82 patients were monitored--42 males and 40 females. Forty-two were daytime studies, 37 day and night, and 3 night only. Surface electrodes only were used. The system used was the 24-channel la Mont Video-telemetry unit from Medical Systems International. Parents served as observers. Events and a sample of interictal data were analysed. The commonest reason for referral was to determine whether an event was ictal. Other reasons included seizure frequency, classification or localization of onset. Presenting events were unusual motor activity, staring, change of behaviour, distressing visceral sensations, combinations of the above and miscellaneous phenomena. Events occurred during the recording in 66 of 82 subjects. Of these, 23 were judged to be ictal. These were complex partial seizures, absence seizures, myoclonic jerks, generalized tonic seizures, gelastic seizures and mixed seizure disorders. The non-ictal events were commonly habit tics or normal sleep phenomena, although pertussis, pallid syncopal attacks and extrapyramidal movements occurred. In 76% of cases the management of the child's condition was influenced by the telemetric study.
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PMID:Commencement of a paediatric EEG-video telemetry service. 212 62

A syndrome of pertussis vaccine encephalopathy was first reported 56 years ago. Analysis of the recent literature, however, does not support the existence of such a syndrome and suggests that neurologic events after immunization are chance temporal associations of neurologic conditions that occur in the target age group, even in the absence of immunization. Population-based studies do not prove a causal relationship with acute encephalopathy. There are no consistent neuropathologic findings suggesting a specific pathophysiologic process, and hypotheses concerning possible mechanisms of damage are not supported by reproducible studies in children. No acceptable animal model exists. There clearly is an increased risk of a convulsion after diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis immunization but no evidence that this produces brain injury or is a forerunner of epilepsy. Studies have also not linked immunization with either sudden infant death syndrome or infantile spasms.
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PMID:Pertussis vaccine and injury to the brain. 199 99

116 immunizations were given to 61 children with febrile convulsion or epilepsy who had not had a seizure for 1 year since the last attack. In 92 of the 116 immunizations the electroencephalogram (EEG) was examined before and after immunization. No adverse effects on the EEG were observed in 19 immunizations with Japanese encephalitis, measles, mumps or rubella vaccines. Epileptic spikes reappeared after 10 immunizations and epileptic spikes increased after 10 immunizations among 73 given for diphtheria, acellular pertussis and tetanus (DPT), diphtheria and tetanus (DT), or Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG). A convulsion was observed once in one child 7 days after immunization with BCG. A follow-up EEG examination is necessary after children with convulsive disorders are immunized.
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PMID:Adverse effects on EEG and clinical condition after immunizing children with convulsive disorders. 228 15

We evaluated the risks of seizures and other neurological events following diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) immunization for 38,171 Tennessee Medicaid children who received 107,154 DTP immunizations in their first 3 years of life. There were 2 children with encephalitis; both had disease onset more than 2 weeks following DTP immunization. There were 277 children who had febrile seizures, 42 with afebrile seizures, and 37 with seizures associated with other acute neurological illness (acute symptomatic). The risk of febrile seizures in the 0 to 3 days following DTP immunization (n = 6) was 1.5 (95% confidence interval, 0.6 to 3.3) times that of the control period 30 or more days following DTP immunization. There was no evidence that in the 0 to 3 days following DTP immunization the risk of afebrile seizures (n = 1) or acute symptomatic seizures (n = 0) was increased. No child who was previously normal without a prior history of seizures had a seizure in the 0 to 3 days following immunization that marked the onset of either epilepsy or other neurological or developmental abnormality.
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PMID:Risk of seizures and encephalopathy after immunization with the diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine. 230 6

To focus attention on the problem of infant mortality in Lebanon, data were compiled on infant mortality from 1978 to 1986 at the American University of Beirut Medical Center. Causes of death are analyzed for 602 males and 398 females. 54.9% deaths occurred at 1 month of age and 77.4% died within the 1st year. Autopsies were performed on .7%. 37.7% of all neonatal deaths were due to neonatal diseases such as hyaline membrane disease, asphyxia neonatorum, immaturity, necrotizing enterocolitis, hemorrhage, hemolysis, meconium aspiration, and kernicterus. Better prenatal care would reduce this group, or the administration of corticosteroids to the mother 24-48 hours prior to delivery, as well as rapid resuscitation at birth and prevention of the 5 curses: hypoxemia, hypoglycemia, hypothermia, hypotension, and acidosis. Although unavailable in Lebanon, administration of surfactants through an endotracheal tube would also help. Infections constitute 25.1% of deaths; many are preventable through adequate public health measures and strict personal hygiene, i.e., diseases such as sepsis, pneumonia, meningitis, gastroenteritis, hepatitis, encephalitis, and 1-2 cases of the following: diphtheria, measles, peritonitis, tetanus, tuberculosis, cytomegalis inclusion, herpes, parathyphoid, pertussis, poliomyelitis, and shigellosis. Congenital diseases were 21.6%. In utero diagnosis could prevent some diseases and in utero treatment is possible for hydrocephalus and hydronephrosis. Screening programs postnatally could lead to treatment. 5.9% were malignancies such as leukemia, lymphoma, brain tumors, histocytosis, Wilm's tumor, Ewing sarcoma, and Hodgkin's disease. Early diagnosis is critical if mortality is to be reduced in this group, but medical advances are still needed. 2.9% are miscellaneous diseases such as poisoning, rheumatic diseases, marasmus, Reye's syndrome, nephrosis, rickets, and epilepsy. Most of these diseases are preventable, except for rheumatic inflammation of the heart. Recommended necessary steps to reduce infant mortality are: prenatal care, diagnosis and screening, intrauterine surgery; resuscitation and intensive care centers with modern equipment and trained personnel; national vaccination and screening programs; adequate public health measures and hygiene; parental education; and well-equipped hospitals to serve all regardless of income level.
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PMID:Pediatric mortality: an avoidable tragedy. 251 28

Bathing hippocampal slices in artificial cerebrospinal fluid without magnesium elicits repetitive, long ictal-like discharges termed ictaform events. The ictaform events are separated by interictal periods that are initially silent with no interictal bursts. Interictal bursts appear in the later part of the interictal periods and intensify just before the next ictaform event. The GABAB agonist, baclofen, entirely suppressed interictal bursts during the interictal periods and produced a dose-dependent prolongation of the interictal period. Conversely, in slices pretreated with pertussis toxin to reduce the GABAB neurotransmission, interictal bursts were greatly increased, often occupying the entire interictal period, although the total duration of the interictal periods was not affected. Pertussis toxin pretreatment also lengthened the ictaform events. These opposing effects of baclofen and pertussis toxin suggest that GABAB neuro-transmission is important in regulating both the occurrence of interictal bursts in the interictal period, as well as the duration of ictaform events in the low magnesium model of epileptiform activity.
Epilepsy Res
PMID:The effects of baclofen and pertussis toxin on epileptiform activity induced in the hippocampal slice by magnesium depletion. 279 65

The frequency of serious neurologic events following the administration of 106,000 doses of diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine at Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound was determined using a population-based case-control study with disease ascertainment through pharmacy and hospitalization records. There were no cases of acute unexplained encephalopathies in close temporal relation to vaccination. There was the new onset of one serious seizure disorder in the three days following immunization, with 1.13 expected on the basis of chance alone.
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PMID:Neurologic events following diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis immunization. 325 22

A retrospective epidemiologic study examining the relationship of the time of onset of neurologic disorders with the time of pertussis immunization in two cohorts of children who received pertussis immunization at different ages is reported. Before April 1970, children in Denmark were vaccinated with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids with pertussis vaccine at 5, 6, 7, and 15 months of age. Since 1970, children were given monovalent pertussis vaccine at 5 and 9 weeks and at 10 months of age. A total of 554 cases of epilepsy with onset between 28 days and 24 months of age were reviewed, 286 from the 1967-1968 period and 268 from the 1972-1973 period. There was no relationship between the age of onset of epilepsy and the scheduled age of administration of pertussis vaccine. A total of 2199 children with febrile seizures were reviewed, 830 from the 1967-1968 period and 1369 from the 1972-1973 period. There was a statistical association between first febrile seizures and the scheduled age of administration of pertussis vaccine (p = 0.004). No relationship between pertussis immunization and the occurrence of central nervous system infections was noted.
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PMID:Relationship of pertussis immunization to the onset of neurologic disorders: a retrospective epidemiologic study. 326 84

A change in the pertussis immunization schedule in Denmark allowed a retrospective study examining the relationship of the time of onset of selected neurologic disorders with the time of pertussis immunization in two core cohorts of children. Records of 2,199 children with febrile seizures were reviewed and a significant association between first febrile seizures and the scheduled age of pertussis immunization was noted (p = 0.004). The occurrence of epilepsy and CNS infections did not appear to be related to the time of pertussis immunization.
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PMID:Relationship of pertussis immunization to the onset of epilepsy, febrile convulsions and central nervous system infections: a retrospective epidemiologic study. 327 13


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