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Query: UMLS:C0043167 (pertussis)
 19,595 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The seven major childhood infectious diseases-measles, mumps, rubella, polio, diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus-can cause permanent disability and, in some cases, death. They all can be prevented by immunization, but prior to the National Childhood Immunization Initiative of 1977 more than a third of all children under age 15 were not properly protected. And even though vaccines are now available to reduce the risk of influenza, hepatitis B, and pneumococcal pneumonia, many high risk patients are not protected. Outbreaks of measles and pertussis, and occasionally of diphtheria and polio, during the mid-1970s indicate that immunization must be emphasized continually. With the combination of safe, effective vaccines, public and private programs, and a reliable disease surveillance and outbreak containment system, infectious diseases can be controlled. The Department of Health and Human Services has proposed a major initiative designed to eliminate the indigenous occurrence of measles.
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PMID:Preventive health services: Immunization. 641 18

This paper uses the techniques of time series analysis (autocorrelation and spectral analysis) to examine oscillatory secular trends in the incidence of infectious diseases and the impact of mass vaccination programmes on these well-documented phenomena. We focus on three common childhood diseases: pertussis and mumps (using published disease-incidence data for England and Wales) and measles (using data from England and Wales, Scotland, North America and France). Our analysis indicates highly statistically significant seasonal and longer-term cycles in disease incidence in the prevaccination era. In general, the longer-term fluctuations (a 2-year period for measles, 3-year periods for pertussis and mumps) account for most of the cyclical variability in these data, particularly in the highly regular measles series for England and Wales. After vaccination, the periods of the longer-term oscillations tend to increase, an observation which corroborates theoretical predictions. Mass immunization against measles (which reduces epidemic fluctuations) magnifies the relative importance of the seasonal cycles. By contrast, we show that high levels of vaccination against whooping cough in England and Wales appear to have suppressed the annual cycle.
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PMID:Oscillatory fluctuations in the incidence of infectious disease and the impact of vaccination: time series analysis. 651 59

The first 1000 cases notified to the National Childhood Encephalopathy Study were analysed. The diagnoses included encephalitis/encephalopathy, prolonged convulsions, infantile spasms, and Reye's syndrome. Eighty-eight of the children had had a recent infectious disease, including 19 with pertussis. Only 35 of the notified children (3.5%) had received pertussis antigen within seven days before becoming ill. Of 1955 control children matched for age, sex, and area of residence, 34 (1.7%) had been immunised with pertussis vaccine within the seven days before the date on which they became of the same age as the corresponding notified child. The relative risk of a notified child having had pertussis immunisation within that time interval was 2.4 (p less than 0.001). Of the 35 notified children, 32 had no previous neurological abnormality. A year later two had died, nine had developmental retardation, and 21 were normal. A significance association was shown between serious neurological illness and pertussis vaccine, though cases were few and most children recovered completely.
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PMID:Pertussis immunisation and serious acute neurological illness in children. 678 80

Infection of mouse tracheal organ culture with Bordetella pertussis resulted in ciliostasis within 36 h. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that B. pertussis attached exclusively to ciliated cells but did not induce expulsion of this cell type at a test interval of 48 h. Mouse oviduct organ culture infected with B. pertussis demonstrated the same strict tropism for ciliated cells as in the tracheal ring system. Only ciliated cells were parasitized, becoming heavily colonized 48 h postinfection. Infected ciliated oviduct cells were not extruded. A fixation method which enhances fine structure was used in the scanning electron microscope studies. Bacterial fimbriae were not observed as the method of attachment of B. pertussis to cilia but fine fibers were seen extending between cilia and bacterial cells.
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PMID:Scanning electron microscopy of mouse ciliated oviduct and tracheal epithelium infected in vitro with Bordetella pertussis. 685 Apr 22

A group of public health scientists from the United States and The Netherlands met at a Bicentennial Round Table Conference December 1-2, 1982, to discuss the latest developments in immunization against infectious diseases, focusing on pertussis, poliomyelitis, measles, and rubella. The major differences in immunization practices in the two countries are: (a) In The Netherlands, inactivated polio vaccine is used exclusively; in the United States, the oral polio vaccine is used. Polio-myelitis has virtually disappeared from both countries. (b) In The Netherlands, the pertussis component of DTP (diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis) is not given to children over the age of 1 year, whereas in the United States, it is given to children up to their seventh birthday. (c) Rubella vaccine is given only to girls at ages 11-12 years in The Netherlands, but to all children at ages 12-15 months in the United States. (d) Mumps vaccine is not administered to children in The Netherlands, but in the United States it is given routinely to children at 12-15 months (in combination with measles and rubella vaccine). The participants concluded that both the United States and The Netherlands have effective immunization programs that have significantly reduced the impact of these diseases.
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PMID:The United States--The Netherlands Round Table Conference on immunization. Summary report. 686 53

Pertussis is still a common cause of debility in the infant. David Muecke describes the classical case and the variations in presentation which may cause diagnostic problems. Immunisation remains the mainstay of control of this highly infectious disease and is the responsibility of the general practitioner.
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PMID:Pertussis (whooping cough). The GP view. 707 27

Hospital employees are often exposed to infectious diseases, both within and outside of the hospital. Susceptible personnel are at risk of acquiring infection and are a possible source of infection for patients, other employees and members of their households. In recent years epidemics in hospitals due to rubella, pertussis, hepatitis B and Legionnaires' disease have included infection transmitted to and from personnel. A comprehensive plan for management of hospital personnel exposed to communicable diseases should include the following: (1) protocols for the management of each of the common infectious diseases; (2) protocols for employees who are at special risk (pregnant women) and employees who work in areas of risk for certain infectious diseases (newborn nursery, clinical and pathology laboratories, hemodialysis unit); (3) assessment of infectious disease experience of new employees by history, skin test (tuberculosis) and serology (rubella, hepatitis B), and a plan for subsequent tests during employment; (4) continuous program of education of employees in infection control; and (5) coordination of policies among administration, employee health service and infection control officer and committee.
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PMID:Management of infections in hospital employees. 721 27

The microorganisms responsible for the production of an infection may be considered to be in two classes: classical microbes and host-defined microbes. Classical microbes are those pathogens which fulfill the Koch-Henle postulates, and their isolation from a host indicates infection. They are not normally part of the body's normal flora, although they may be acquired by the host and enter into a passive relationship known as the carrier state. Examples of this type of microbe are Bacillus anthracis (anthrax), Yersinia pestis (plague), and Bordetella pertussis (whooping cough). Pathogens that require specific hosts have largely replaced the classical pathogen as a cause of infection in hospitalized patients. Especially in recent years, with the advent of new modes of anticancer treatment and the general ability of the medical community to extent a patient's life span by chemotherapy and innovative surgery, the contribution to morbidity and mortality by microbes has substantially increased. These host-specific pathogens are largely part of the body's normal flora. It is incumbent upon the clinical microbiologist to be able to distinguish the patient's normal microbial load, an increased load due to physiological factors, but not representing infection, and a significant change from normal which should be considered infection. The ability to distinguish infection from noninfection is one of the prime responsibilities of the clinical microbiology laboratory and has contributed to the development of the infectious disease subspecialty of internal medicine. This article will examine a critical question: Is there a relationship between the numbers of microorganisms isolated from a specimen and the production of infection, and, if so, does this relationship vary for the different anatomical sites of the body?
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PMID:Methods of quantitative microbiological analyses that support the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of human infection. 727 38

There is increasing evidence that pertussis occurs frequently in adults, but there is limited information on the clinical course of this disease beyond childhood. A household contact study on the efficacy of an acellular pertussis vaccine was used to study the symptoms of pertussis in adults. Among 257 patients with pertussis identified in 121 families during a two-year period in one study center with a low whole-cell pertussis-vaccine uptake, 79 (30.7%) were adults, aged 19-83 years (mean age: 36 years) with a 1:1.8 male to female ratio. Ninety-one percent of the adults suffered from coughing (mean duration: 54 days), and in 80% this cough lasted > or = 21 days. Whoops were rare (8%), whereas cough followed by vomiting and/or choking (53%) and cough disturbing sleep (52%) were common. This is the first report to describe sweating attacks as symptom of pertussis (14%). Pharyngeal symptoms (37%), influenza-like symptoms (30%), sneezing attacks (22%), hoarseness (18%), sinus pain (16%) and headaches (14%) were also observed. Various complications were seen in 23% of the patients. In order to minimize the spread of the organism, microbiological diagnostics should be vigorously applied to all symptomatic contacts of a patient with pertussis but also to all patients with long lasting cough-irrespective of age.
Infection
PMID:Symptoms and complications of pertussis in adults. 749 1

Microbial adherence to epithelial cell surfaces has been implicated as the first step in the initiation of several infectious diseases. The ability of antibiotics to affect the properties of bacterial adherence to cell surfaces may be a criterion in selecting antibiotics for therapy. This study was performed in order to investigate the activity of amoxicillin, chloramphenicol, and clarithromycin in modifying the adhering activity of Bordetella pertussis to human epithelial cells. The actions of antibiotics, alone or combined with aprotinin, were compared with that of trypsin, aprotinin and trypsin+aprotinin, to investigate the chemical nature of the ligand where antibiotics could act. The adhering activity was evaluated on human epithelial cells, collected from the oral mucosa, challenged with B. pertussis A2963 previously incubated in the presence of the tested substances for 1 h at 37 degrees C in a shaker incubator. After staining, the percentage of mucosal cells with more than 50 adhering bacteria was evaluated. Under the described experimental conditions, trypsin significantly reduced the adherence of B. pertussis. Aprotinin had no effect but was able to counteract the inhibitory action of trypsin. Both clarithromycin and chloramphenicol markedly reduced adhering activity and their actions were not counteracted by aprotinin. Amoxicillin was without effect. It was hypothesized that chloramphenicol and clarithromycin, exerting their antimicrobial action by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis, affected bacterial adhesion through an unknown mechanism without proteolytic effect.
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PMID:Effect of antibiotics on Bordetella pertussis adhering activity: hypothesis regarding mechanism of action. 751 82


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