Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0043167 (pertussis)
 19,595 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A cross-sectional study on vaccine coverage and vaccine effectiveness was carried out on a randomized sample of the cohort of schoolchildren born in 1983 attending school in Andorra, prior to the introduction of a Systematic Immunisation Plan that included centralised import and delivery of vaccines to vaccinating clinics, surveillance of the cold-chain during vaccine delivery, and a clearly-defined immunization schedule against diphtheria, tetanus, -pertussis, polio, mumps, rubella and measles. Vaccine coverage was estimated from vaccination card records; history of disease and sociodemographic variables were obtained through a questionnaire to the children's parents and vaccine effectiveness was estimated through serum antibody testing. Vaccine coverage levels for DTP and OPV were 97.8% for both. Protective serum antibody prevalence was correspondingly high except for the polio viruses. The authors suggest that decreased vaccine effectiveness, probably due to poor preservation of the cold chain, might be the cause of this finding. In countries or regions with an otherwise developed organisation of health services, an important issue like this can still be overlooked.
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PMID:A cross-sectional study on vaccine coverage and seroprevalence in schoolchildren in Andorra. 821 15

The significance of Gi proteins for the physiological desensitization phenomena observed in brown-fat cells from cold-acclimated hamsters was investigated. For this purpose, pertussis toxin (the inhibitor of Gi function) was injected into control and cold-acclimated hamsters. After 3 days the thermogenic response to noradrenaline injection was monitored in the intact animals. It was found that the pertussis-toxin pretreatment did not affect the thermogenic response to noradrenaline. Nonetheless, the pertussis toxin pretreatment had a dramatic effect on the noradrenaline-sensitivity of isolated brown-fat cells (measured the following day as the respiratory response): a 250-fold-increased sensitivity to noradrenaline was observed in cells from control animals that had been pertussis-toxin pretreated. However, only a 20-fold increase was observed in cells from cold-acclimated hamsters, implying a lower complement of the Gi system in these cells. Therefore the content of Gi proteins was determined by quantitative immunoblotting of purified plasma-membrane proteins. Cold acclimation resulted in a nearly 50% reduction in the content of Gi 1 alpha and Gi 2 alpha, as well as of the beta-subunit, both when expressed on a protein basis and when related to the content of forskolin-stimulated adenylyl cyclase; when expressed per unit of [3H]ouabain-binding (NA+/K+-ATPase), the reduction was even higher. In view of the magnitude of the pertussis-toxin effect, it was concluded that Gi proteins must play a substantial role in the regulation of the response of brown-fat cells to noradrenaline. As the capacity of the Gi pathway is reduced rather than augmented during cold acclimation, Gi activity cannot be responsible for the desensitization to noradrenaline observed in cells from cold-acclimated animals. However, the reduced Gi content may explain the earlier observed desensitization to adenosine that occurs after acclimation to cold.
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PMID:Cold-induced reduction in Gi alpha proteins in brown adipose tissue. Effects on the cellular hypersensitization to noradrenaline caused by pertussis-toxin treatment. 861 67

An analysis was carried out on a total of 883 cold chain monitor (CCM) cards, which had been attached to batches of poliomyelitis, measles, DPT (diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus) and hepatitis B vaccines, during their transport and storage from the central store in Kuala Lumpur to Kelantan, a state in north-eastern Malaysia; 234 freeze watches attached to hepatitis B vaccines were also analysed. The monitor cards and freeze watches were observed at six levels between the central store and the periphery during distribution of the vaccines, and a colour change in any of the four windows (A, B, C, D) on the CCM cards or the freeze watches was recorded. In addition, 33 unopened vials of oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV), collected from refrigerators in 29 health facilities in Kelantan, were tested for potency using the tissue culture infective dose 50 (TCID50) method; 14 of them (42%) did not meet the WHO criteria for potent vaccines. The results showed that at the final destination 13.4% of all cards remained white while a colour change to blue was observed in 65% in window A, 16.6% in window B, and 4.4% in window C; none had turned blue in window D indicating that the vaccine had not been subjected to temperatures > or = 34 degrees C for 2 hours. All but 2 of the 234 freeze watches had turned purple, which indicates exposure of the hepatitis B vaccines to temperatures below 0 degree C. These results will assist health planners to correct the weaknesses identified in the cold chain system.
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PMID:Evaluation of cold chain monitoring in Kelantan, Malaysia. 882 61

Mice exposed to cold water swimming (4 degrees C) for 3 min produced a marked antinociception. Experiments were designed to determine whether pretreatment with pertussis toxin given intrathecally (i.t.) or intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) attenuates cold water swimming-induced antinociception in male ICR mice. Antinociception was measured by the tail-flick test 7 min after cold water swimming. I.t. pretreatment with pertussis toxin at a dose of 0.5 microgram for 24-96 h caused a time-dependent attenuation of cold water swimming-induced antinociception. Moreover, i.t. pretreatment with pertussis toxin at doses from 0.125 to 0.5 microgram for 96 h attenuated cold water swimming-induced antinociception in a dose-dependent manner. However, i.c.v. pretreatment with pertussis toxin at doses from 0.125 to 0.5 microgram for 24-96 h did not affect the cold water swimming-induced antinociception. The present results suggest that pertussis toxin-sensitive Gi/G(o) proteins in spinal cord, but not at the supraspinal sites, are involved in cold water swimming-induced antinociception.
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PMID:Pretreatment with pertussis toxin spinally, but not supraspinally, blocks the cold water swimming-induced antinociception in the mouse. 886 91

Endothelins and their receptor of type B (ETBR) that couples with G-protein are widely distributed in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). ETBR mainly exists on astrocytes, and endothelins exert mitogenic action on astrocytes through stimulation of the receptor. The intracellular signaling of ETBR in astrocytes is converged in the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase through a protein kinase C-dependent pathway and a pertussis toxin-sensitive G-protein-mediated pathway. We demonstrated that cultured astrocytes. When differentiated and growth-arrested by treatment with dibutyryl cyclic AMP, abundantly expressed ETBR and these cells immediately entered into a proliferative state in response to endothelin-1 at the plasma level. This has the following physiological implication in vivo: plasma-derived endothelin-1 intrudes into parenchyme upon CNS damage, and it initiates astrogliosis through activation of ETBR. We used two models of CNS injury in rats. The first is a brain edema model induced by cold-injury, and the second is a spinal cord injury model, both of which allow plasma to exude into the injured tissues and subsequently trigger sequential proliferative responses of astrocytes after the injury. Anti-endothelin monoclonal antibody and SB209670, an endothelin receptor antagonist, specifically and potently inhibited astrocytic proliferation 24 hr after the injury. It is concluded that endothelin-1 plays a key role for initiation of astrocytic proliferation in the acute phase of CNS damage.
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PMID:[Astrocytes and endothelins: possibilities for tissue-repair in damaged central nervous system]. 910 61

1. The cold (4 degrees C) water swimming stress (CWSS) for 3 min significantly increased the inhibition of the tail-flick response in ICR mice. 2. Pertussis toxin (PTX, 0.05-0.5 microgram) in mice pretreated intrathecally (IT) for 6 days attenuated the inhibition of the tail-flick response induced by CWSS. However, intracerebroventricular (ICV) pretreatment with PTX at the same doses did not affect CWSS-induced inhibition of the tail-flick inhibition. 3. 3-Isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX, 0.01-1 ng) in mice pretreated IT for 10 min dose-dependently attenuated the inhibition of the tail-flick response induced by CWSS. However, IBMX in mice ICV pretreated ICV at the same doses was not effective in attenuating the CWSS-induced inhibition of the tail-flick response. 4. Neither IT nor ICV pretreatment with cholera toxin (CTX, 0.05-0.5 microgram) for 24 hr affected the inhibition of the tail-flick response induced by CWSS. 5. The ICV or IT injection of PTX, CTX, or IBMX did not affect the basal tail-flick response latency. 6. It is concluded that spinal, but not supraspinal, PTX-sensitive G-proteins and cAMP phosphodiesterase may be involved in the antinociception produced by CWSS. However, neither spinal nor supraspinal CTX-sensitive G-proteins appear to be involved in mediating the antinociception induced by CWSS.
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PMID:Effects of spinally and supraspinally injected 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, cholera toxin, and pertussis toxin on cold water swimming stress-induced antinociception in the mouse. 914 32

Chemokine receptor-like 1 (CKR-L1) was described recently as a putative seven-transmembrane human receptor with many of the structural features of chemokine receptors. To identify the ligand of CKR-L1, we have studied chemokine-induced calcium mobilization in 293 cells transfected with CKR-L1. Of 20 different chemokines tested, only I-309 was able to elicit a significant calcium mobilization. In addition, I-309 induced the transfectants to migrate in vitro. As expected for chemokine receptor-mediated effects, pertussis toxin, but not cholera toxin, inhibited both the calcium flux and migration of the CKR-L1 transfectants in response to I-309. All of these data support the conclusion that I-309 is a functional ligand for CKR-L1. According to the current chemokine receptor nomenclature, we have designated this gene as CCR8. The murine CCR8 (mCCR8) gene was cloned, and its predicted amino acid sequence showed a 71% identity with that of human CCR8. As human CCR8, mCCR8 is expressed in thymus. Both I-309 and its murine homologue TCA-3 were able to induce calcium mobilization in transiently transfected 293-EBNA cells expressing mCCR8. The affinity of the binding of 125I-labeled TCA-3 to mCCR8 was high (Kd approximately 2 nM); the binding was prevented completely by an excess of cold TCA-3, and only partially competed (40%) by I-309. The identification of I-309 and TCA-3 as the functional ligands for CCR8 receptors will help to unravel the role of these proteins in physiologic and pathologic situations.
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PMID:Identification of CCR8 as the specific receptor for the human beta-chemokine I-309: cloning and molecular characterization of murine CCR8 as the receptor for TCA-3. 946 61

The biotechnology revolution is producing a growing bounty of new vaccines which pose difficult choices in selecting among many products. Some major public and private purchasers of vaccine may offer individual physicians and clinics their choice in assembling vaccine inventories. Others might purchase only a limited stock of products that would satisfactorily immunize a typical child. In either case, current vaccine selection decisions are based principally on purchase price alone without systematic consideration of other factors of fiscal consequence. As a potential tool for decision making, we developed an economic algorithm for vaccine selection that would minimize the overall costs of disease control through immunization by considering: (1) purchase price, (2) number of doses needed, (3) preparation time, (4) route of administration, (5) cold storage needs, (6) shelf life, (7) earliest age of full immunity, (8) adverse events frequency, and (9) efficacy of protection. To demonstrate the algorithm, variables (1) to (4) above were incorporated into a pilot binary-integer linear programming model that satisfied the recommended immunization schedule for diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, Haemophilus influenzae b, and hepatitis B, using eleven vaccines (DTaP, DTaP-Hib, Hib, HepB and Hib-HepB) from four manufacturers. Five (or six) opportunities to vaccinate were modeled at (1), 2, 4, 6, 12-18, and 60 months of life, assuming US$40 per clinic visit, $15 per injection, and $0.50 per minute of nurse preparation time. Vaccine costs were varied using actual March and September 1997 US Federal vaccine prices, as well as estimates for unpriced new vaccines. Over 16,000 distinct vaccine stocking lists by vaccine type and brand were possible. Including a 1-month visit, the lowest-cost 'solution' of the algorithm was $529.41 per child in the March cost-assumption case, and $490.32 in the September one (both included four doses of DTaP-Hib, three HepB, and one DTaP). Without a 1-month visit, the lowest-cost solution in the March case cost $486.67 (four DTaP, two Hib-HepB, one DTaP-Hib, and one HepB), while the September case cost $450.32 (four DTaP-Hib, three HepB, and one DTaP). Ensuring at least one product was selected from each of the four manufacturers increased costs about $13.00, and the needed injections rose from eight to nine. The most economical selection of vaccines to use cannot be intuitively predicted, as permutations are large and solutions are sensitive to minor changes in costs and constraints. A transparent, objective selection method that weighs the economic value of distinguishing features among competing vaccines might offer the 'best value' to vaccine purchasers, while also creating strong market incentives for continuing innovation and competition in the vaccine industry.
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PMID:Addressing the challenges to immunization practice with an economic algorithm for vaccine selection. 979 97

A large outbreak of paralytic poliomyelitis in 1993 in the Sudan prompted rapid rehabilitation of Sudan's Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI). A World Health Organization team visited Sudan in 1993, 1995, and 1996 to review such efforts and their impact. Measures taken to eradicate poliomyelitis, control measles, and eliminate neonatal tetanus included government financing of vaccine purchase, decentralization of EPI operations, a shift from a mobile to a less expensive fixed-site vaccine delivery strategy, installation of a solar cold chain network, resumption of managerial in-service training, and social mobilization. National immunization days were conducted in 1994, 1996, and 1997 throughout the country (during a cease fire in the southern areas). From 1993-96, reported infant immunization coverage increased for all antigens, with a concomitant decrease in the incidence of EPI target diseases. National coverage for the third dose of diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis increased from 51% in 1993 to 79% in 1996, while the proportion of immunizations delivered at fixed sites rose from 35% to 70%. By 1996, 19 of Sudan's 26 states were financing some of the operational costs for EPI.
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PMID:Rehabilitation of the expanded programme on immunization in Sudan following a poliomyelitis outbreak. 980 84

Focus of this discussion is on some of the problems enountered by national immunization programs and on the technology that is available now or that will be in the near future to help solve these problems. 4 basic aspects of immunization services are examined: the safety, effectiveness, and stability of vaccines; the cold chain, i.e., the transportation, storage, and handling of heat-sensitives vaccines from manufacturer to health worker in the field; vaccination equipment and sterilization for correct administration of immunization; and program management--schedules, records, training, resource allocation. The section devoted to vaccines focuses on immunization against 6 of (diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, measles, polio, and tuberculosis) against 6 of the major killers of children in developing countries: BCG, DPT (diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus), measles and poli vaccines, and tetanus toxiod. The bacillus of Calmette and Guerline (BCG) is considered a very safe vaccine. Questions about the effectiveness of BCG in preventing tuberculosis have been raised throughout its 60-year history. Different studies have produced conflicting results, some showing BCG to be highly effective and others showing no positive effect. Diphtheria toxioid, a very safe and relatively stable vaccine, is very effective in protecting against the development of diphtheria. Live attenuated measles virus vaccine is a safe, highly effective vaccine, but it requires careful handling and storage to prevent damage due to excessive heat or light exposure. The vaccine used for pertussis (whooping cough) is a saline suspension of killed Bordetella pertussis bacteria. The vaccine usually is administered as part of the triple DPT vaccine. Concerns about its safety have led to greatly reduced levels of use in some European countries in recent years. Its effectiveness also has been questioned. 2 types of polio vaccine are available: a live, attenuated vaccine given orally (Sabin) and a killed or inactivated vaccine injected intramuscularly (Salk). Both vaccines are trivalent, i.e., they contain all 3 major strains of polio virus. Both types of vaccine are quite safe. Effectiveness of the vaccines seems to vary in different places. Tetanus toxoid is safe and relatively stable. The 3 doses of DPT given to infants provide long-lasting protection against tetanus. To combine the components of vaccine and equipment into an effective immunizaton service, a program manager must consider several issues: program goals and the development of an appropriate and feasible immunization schedule; systems for keeping records and for training health and cold chain personnel; analysis of the costs of each option; and the development of a method of evaluation.
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PMID:Immunization: a key to primary health care. 1226 57


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