Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0043167 (pertussis)
 19,595 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Experiments were designed to develop an optimal method for inducing in vivo production of sensitised peritoneal mast cells. Rats of different strains were sensitised with whole egg-white and killed at suitable intervals to harvest the peritoneal mast cells. Release of histamine was induced in vitro by both whole egg-white and its major protein constituents, and assayed by a standard spectrofluorometric method. Wistar rats showed higher levels of sensitisation than black-hooded Lister rats; it was more convenient to harvest erythrocyte-free peritoneal mast cells from males than females. Very young (less than 150 g) and very old (greater than 300 g) rats showed sub-optimal sensitisation. Optimal sensitisation was obtained by simultaneous administration of antigen (doses of 50 micrograms whole egg-white and above) and adjuvant (1.0 ml pertussis vaccine); mast cells harvested between 20 and 50 days after the sensitising dose exhibited maximal histamine release upon in vitro challenge with 'whole' egg-white (100 micrograms). Routine use of plastic ware, and ice-cold phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.2) for handling cells and avoidance of heparin and excessive centrifugation ensured optimal preservation of histamine-releasing capacity of the harvested peritoneal mast cells.
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PMID:An investigation of the optimal conditions for the in vivo production of immunologically sensitised rat mast cells. 9 7

The expanded programme on immunization feasibility studies is currently running into its second year of operations. The objectives of the study are to test the possibility of increased coverage using both fixed centre and mobile field teams for the vaccination of children under the age of 2 years against measles, poliomyelitis, diphtheria, pertussis, tuberculosis and smallpox and also to test the immunological response to two doses of pertussis and two doses of oral polio. Reports so far indicate some success in the areas of training and manpower development as well as the development of the cold chain system which is considered to be the most important requirement for an efficient, expanded immunization programme. It goes without saying that the progress of the study has been marked by some technical, social and administrative constraints.
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PMID:The expanded program in immunization. Ghana's experience. 11 81

Various workers, including T. D. Stewart, claim that the aboriginal Americas were relatively disease-free because of the bering Strait cold-screen, eliminating many pathogens, and the paucity of zoonotic infections because of few domestic animals. Evidence of varying validity suggests that precontact Americns had their own strains of treponemic infections, bacillary and amoebic dysenteries, influenza and viral penumonia and other respiratory diseases, salmonellosis and perhaps other food poisoning, various arthritides, some endoparasites such as the ascarids, and several geographically circumscribed diseases such as the rickettsial verruca (Carrion's disease) and New World leishmaniasis and trypanosomiasis. Questionably aboriginal are tuberculosis and typhus. Accordingly, virtually all the "crowd-type" ecopathogenic diseases such as smallpox, yellow fever, typhoid, malaria, measles, pertussis, polio, etc., appear to have been absent from the New World, and were only brought in by White conquerors and their Black slaves. My hypothesis is that native American medical care systems--especially in the more culturally advanced areas--were sufficiently sophisticated to deal with native disease entities with reasonable competence. But native medical systems could not cope with the "crowd-type" disease imports that struck Indian and Eskimos as "virgin-field" populations. Reanalysis of native population losses through a genocidal combination of diease, war, slavery and attendant cultural disruption by Dobyns, Cook and others strongly suggest that traditiona estimates underplayed the death toll by a factor of the general order of ten. This would make for an immediately pre-contact Indian population of some 90-111 million instead of the tradition 8-11 million. Evidence is growing that Indians may have been no more susceptible to new pathogens that are other "virgin soil" populations, and thus their immune systems need not be considered less effective than those in other people. Present-day high mortality rates in Indians of both continents from infectious disease imports may be more socioeconomic than anything else.
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PMID:Aboriginal new world epidemiolgy and medical care, and the impact of Old World disease imports. 79 20

The body wall of the pulmonate land slug Ariolimax columbianus secretes mucus packaged in granules bounded by two closely adjacent membranes. Newly secreted granules rupture in the presence of ATP (approximately 1 microM). This response is apparently mediated by an ATP receptor and is lost by granules held in osmotically balanced saline solutions with relatively low [K+] or [Cl-], but is retained for long periods in solutions with high [K+] and [Cl-]. Rupture by ATP is blocked by indomethacin, furosemide, nigericin, or verapamil, implicating in the ATP-rupturing process a cyclooxygenase product of arachidonic acid as well as activation of K(+)-Cl- transport and efflux of Ca2+ through activated channels according to a proposed electrical potential (proton) gradient. Mechanical stress, exposure to cold (e.g., 1 h at 0 degree C), and pertussis toxin also cause rupture that is blocked by the pharmacological agents that block ATP action. The results suggest that a single basic mechanism causes rupture of the granules, releasing mucins that form the mucous layer protecting the body wall.
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PMID:Triggering by ATP of product release by mucous granules of the land slug Ariolimax columbianus. 155 Feb 14

The possibility that a TSH post-receptor-binding defect is responsible for the pathogenesis of benign thyroid tumours was studied. Thus, we attempted to determine in hyperfunctioning (hot) nodules and non-functioning (cold) nodules whether the functional activity or the amount of G proteins were modified in comparison with surrounding normal tissues. The adenylyl cyclase response to agonists that bypass the TSH-receptor complex (forskolin, guanosine 5'- (beta.gamma-imido)triphosphate (Gpp(NH)p) or [AIF4]-) was studied on membranes from tumorous and adjacent normal thyroid tissues. We also examined the ability of G proteins to be ADP-ribosylated by cholera toxin (CT) or pertussis toxin (PT), and quantified G proteins by Western blot analysis with specific antisera directed against Gs alpha and Gi alpha subunits. Basal adenylyl cyclase activity was unchanged in hot tumours compared with normal tissue whereas the stimulation of adenylyl cyclase by Gpp(NH)p or [A1F4]- (which act directly on Gs) as well as by forskolin (which acts on the catalyst) was significantly (P less than 0.05) decreased in five of seven nodules studied. Two types of response were found in cold nodules, depending upon whether they were microfollicular or macrofollicular tumours. Basal as well as stimulated adenylyl cyclase activity was increased (0.02 less than P less than 0.05) in microfollicular tumours. In contrast, in macrofollicular tumours basal adenylyl cyclase was unchanged whereas stimulated adenylyl cyclase activity was decreased (0.02 less than P less than 0.05). The ability of Gs or Gi to be ADP-ribosylated by CT or PT respectively was maintained in tumorous tissue.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Modification of the amounts of G proteins and of the activity of adenylyl cyclase in human benign thyroid tumours. 156 34

Sixty two children who were diagnosed to be suffering from any of the six vaccine preventable diseases were studied to know their vaccination status prior to the occurrence of these diseases. A total of 33.9% of these children had developed these diseases inspite of full immunization. Nearly 75% of immunized children had received the vaccine from Government sources. The break-up diseases among the children studied was tetanus (35.5%), poliomyelitis and pulmonary tuberculosis (22.6% each), measles (11.3%), diphtheria (6.4%) and pertussis (1.6%). The vaccinated children who developed poliomyelitis belonged to a relatively higher age group. Seventy one per cent of measles cases developed bronchopneumonia as a complication. Seventy five per cent of the mortality in the children studied was due to tetanus neonatorum. Since one third of the children studied had developed diseases inspite of full immunization, it is inferred that closer monitoring of the Cold Chain System and intensive surveillance at peripheral levels are required.
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PMID:Extent of occurrence of the six vaccine preventable diseases in vaccinated/unvaccinated children. 174 12

A procedure is described for purification of pertussis heat-labile toxin (PEHLT) from cells of Bordetella pertussis. The purification procedure, performed in the cold and in the presence of protease inhibitors, gives 1,350-fold purification with yields of about 60%. The toxin was shown to be a single-chain polypeptide of 140 kDa, pI 6.02. It was completely inactivated by heating at 56 degrees C for 60 min. Rabbit antiserum prepared against PEHLT neutralized the toxin and gave a single precipitin line on immunodiffusion. In immunodiffusion assays, this anti-PEHLT serum did not react with pertussis toxin, filamentous hemagglutinin, or preparations of pertussis adenylate cyclase. Purified PEHLT elicited dermonecrosis and atrophy of the spleen. PEHLT is extraordinarily active; 0.4 X 10(-12) g caused necrotic lesions in newborn mice, and with 18- to 20-g mice the 50% lethal dose was about 11 X 10(-9) g.
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PMID:Purification and characterization of the heat-labile toxin of Bordetella pertussis. 189 74

The Central Government of Calcutta, India aimed to immunize 85% (85,262) of the city's 12 month old infants against polio, diphtheria, measles, tuberculosis, pertussis and tetanus. The Universal Immunization Program (UIP) achieved this target 3 months earlier than intended. In fact, at the end of December 1990, it achieved 110.6% for DPT3, 142.16% for OPV3, 151.96% for BCG, and 97% for measles. UIP was able to surpass its targets by emphasizing team work. Government, the private sector, UNICEF, and the voluntary sector made up the Apex Coordination Committee on Immunization headed up by the mayor. The committee drafted an action plan which included routine immunization sessions on a fixed day and intensive immunization drives. Further the involved organizations pooled together cold chain equipment. In addition, the District Family Welfare Bureau was the distribution center for vaccines, syringes, immunization cards, report formats, vaccine carriers, and ice packs. Health workers administered immunizations from about 300 centers generally on Wednesday, National Immunization Day. Intensive immunization drives focused on measles immunizations. UIP leaders encouraged all center to routinely record coverage and submit monthly progress reports to the District Family Welfare Bureau. The Calcutta Municipal Corporation coordinated promotion activities and social mobilization efforts. Promotion included radio and TV announcements, newspaper advertisements, cinema slides, billboards, and posters. The original UIP plan to use professional communicators to mobilize communities was ineffective, so nongovernmental organizations entered the slums to encourage people to encourage their neighbors to immunize their children. Further Islamic, Protestant, and Catholic leaders encouraged the faithful to immunize their children. A UNICEF officer noted that this success must be sustained, however.
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PMID:Universal immunization in urban areas: Calcutta's success story. 213 77

Seroprevalence was used to evaluate the vaccination programme in the Elim health ward of Gazankulu. Antibodies to measles and polio were measured in 1-6-year-old children together with vaccination status. In 224 children studied using a cluster sampling technique, vaccine coverage was found to be 86% for measles and over 90% for polio and diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus. It was difficult to determine vaccine failure rates accurately; 21% of children were seronegative after having received measles vaccine, 32% who had apparently not been vaccinated had antibodies, while a total of 27% had no measles antibodies. Thirty-nine per cent of children failed to demonstrate antibodies to all 3 types of poliovirus after having received 3 doses of oral polio vaccine, 94% had immunity against type 2, and 76% and 74% were immune to types 1 and 3, respectively. Reasons for diminished effectiveness of vaccination programmes are cited; in this study it was probably due to decreased vaccine efficacy related to inadequacies in the cold-chain. Recommendations are that seroprevalence studies are useful, but only after vaccine coverage and the cold-chain have been optimised.
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PMID:Vaccination status and seroprevalence of measles and polio antibodies in 1-6-year-old children in the Elim health ward of Gazankulu. 217 79

In accordance with a World Health Assembly resolution of 1974, all children of the world are to be immunized by the year 1990. Thus was the origin of world wide Expanded Program for Immunization (EPI). Currently, this program prevents 2 million deaths from measles, pertussis and neonatal tetanus, and 1/4 a million deaths from paralytic poliomyelitis each year. Nevertheless, nearly 3 million children die, 200,000 are paralyzed and 150,000 are blinded by diseases which are preventable by immunization. Measles alone kills 1.6 million children each year and vaccination against it reduces child mortality by 30%. Added to the problems of maintaining an effective cold chain, and provision of managerial guidance for the distribution of vaccines, is the fact that measles vaccine can only be administered at 9 months age or older. However, current work on vaccines is focused on the development of a high titer of a more immunogenic measles vaccine which can be administered at 6 months of age. In spite of further potential for improvement in existing vaccinations and the development of new vaccines, resources are limited for such advancement. This limitation is partly due to misallocation of monetary resources, where priority is given to armament projects, instead of directing the funds to programs that save lives.
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PMID:Saving children's lives by vaccination. 251 92


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