Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0043167 (pertussis)
 19,595 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in the common marmoset, a nonhuman primate species (Callithrix jacchus), is a new model for multiple sclerosis. Given the close immunological relationship between marmosets and humans, it is an attractive model for investigating immunopathological pathways relevant to multiple sclerosis and to evaluate new treatments for the disease. Unlike in the originally documented model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis induced without the use of Bordetella pertussis led to a chronic disease of moderate severity. The clinical course of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in the present model was mainly chronic and progressive, but periods of incomplete remission did occur. At the chronic stage of the disease, actively demyelinating lesions were found together with inactive demyelinated and remyelinated (shadow) plaques. Before immunization and during clinically active experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, T1- and T2-weighted magnetic resonance brain images were obtained. Correlation of the data from the magnetic resonance images and the neuropathology analysis revealed that the hyperintense regions in T2-weighted images represented both active and inactive remyelinating lesions. Quantification showed that the number of lesions in T2-weighted magnetic resonance images equalled those found by pathological examination, and thus T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging can be used to discern the total lesion load. Extravasation of gadolinium-diethylenetriamine-penta-acetic acid (triple dose) was found only in lesions, which by histopathology were shown to be engaged in the process of active demyelination.
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PMID:Histopathological characterization of magnetic resonance imaging-detectable brain white matter lesions in a primate model of multiple sclerosis: a correlative study in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). 970 23

Bordetella pertussis, the causative agent of the acute childhood respiratory disease whooping cough, is a human-adapted variant of Bordetella bronchiseptica, which displays a broad host range and typically causes chronic, asymptomatic infections. These pathogens express a similar but not identical surface-exposed and secreted protein called filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA) that has been proposed to function as both a primary adhesin and an immunomodulator. To test the hypothesis that FHA plays an important role in determining host specificity and/or the propensity to cause acute versus chronic disease, we constructed a B. bronchiseptica strain expressing FHA from B. pertussis (FHA(Bp)) and compared it with wild-type B. bronchiseptica in several natural-host infection models. FHA(Bp) was able to substitute for FHA from B. bronchiseptica (FHA(Bb)) with regard to its ability to mediate adherence to several epithelial and macrophage-like cell lines in vitro, but it was unable to substitute for FHA(Bb) in vivo. Specifically, FHA(Bb), but not FHA(Bp), allowed B. bronchiseptica to colonize the lower respiratory tracts of rats, to modulate the inflammatory response in the lungs of immunocompetent mice, resulting in decreased lung damage and increased bacterial persistence, to induce a robust anti-Bordetella antibody response in these immunocompetent mice, and to overcome innate immunity and cause a lethal infection in immunodeficient mice. These results indicate a critical role for FHA in B. bronchiseptica-mediated immunomodulation, and they suggest a role for FHA in host specificity.
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PMID:Bordetella filamentous hemagglutinin plays a critical role in immunomodulation, suggesting a mechanism for host specificity. 1633 99

This article analyzes the current recommended practices and evidence in the immunization of pediatric 'special risk groups'. Special risk group patients are at higher risk of vaccine-preventable diseases and hence require additional strategies to maximize protection against these diseases. The special risk groups include those with an underlying chronic disease, some of whom are on immunosuppressive therapy to treat that condition. The article uses four special risk groups (acute lymphoblastic leukemia; preterm birth; juvenile idiopathic arthritis; and inflammatory bowel disease), to highlight the management considerations and potential vaccination strategies. The risks, benefits and timing of vaccination in the setting of immunosuppression require detailed discussion with treating clinicians, in particular the use of live-attenuated vaccines. The immunogenicity of vaccines in these special risk groups helps provide the evidence base for their immunization guidelines. Protection can include 'cocooning' (i.e., ensuring appropriate immunizations within the immediate family; e.g., varicella, influenza and pertussis vaccination). Improving timeliness and minimizing missed opportunities to vaccinate individuals with these special risk conditions will also optimize protection from vaccine-preventable diseases.
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PMID:Optimizing immunization in pediatric special risk groups. 2133 67

The British HIV Association (BHIVA) has published guidelines for immunization of HIV-infected adults. A chart review of 200 HIV-infected patients diagnosed was conducted to determine shortcomings in previous practice and determine which vaccines should routinely be given in specialist HIV clinics and which might be able to be delegated to primary care clinics. Data were collected on administration of three categories of vaccinations: (1) vaccines used in all individuals with chronic disease (pneumococcal, influenza, swine flu H1N1); (2) targeted vaccinations used in non-immune individuals with HIV who are at risk of exposure (hepatitis A and hepatitis B); (3) routine vaccines traditionally delivered to the whole population (measles/mumps/rubella [MMR], diphtheria/tetanus/pertussis and meningitis C/ACWY). Pneumococcal vaccine was delivered to 54% of eligible patients, 52% of eligible individuals completed a full hepatitis B programme of vaccination and 21% (42/200) were naturally immune; hepatitis A vaccine was delivered to 36% of eligible individuals. With increasing demands on resources, it seems likely that HIV services will have to harness resources of primary care in vaccine programmes in relation to routine vaccines. By improving communication between primary and secondary care mistakes with live vaccination decisions could be avoided; HIV services should continue to perform targeted and chronic disease vaccines, i.e. for category 1 and category 2 vaccines.
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PMID:Managing vaccines: defining the remit of primary care and specialist HIV clinics in the delivery of immunization to individuals with HIV infection. 2242 90