Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0043167 (pertussis)
 19,595 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The in vitro activities of temafloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and ofloxacin against gram-negative bacteria are compared. The 90% minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC90s) of temafloxacin for respiratory pathogens such as Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Neisseria meningitidis, Bordetella pertussis, and Legionella pneumophila are less than or equal to 0.06 micrograms/mL. Temafloxacin is also active against bacterial agents of sexually transmitted diseases, including Neisseria gonorrhoeae (MIC90 less than or equal to 0.015 micrograms/mL) and Chlamydia trachomatis (MIC90 0.25 micrograms/mL). For strains of Enterobacteriaceae, Campylobacter, Vibrio, Aeromonas, and Acinetobacter, temafloxacin is generally inhibitory at less than or equal to 0.5 micrograms/mL. The MIC90 of temafloxacin for Pseudomonas aeruginosa is higher than that of ciprofloxacin, approximately 4 micrograms/mL versus 0.5 micrograms/mL. This activity, combined with its pharmacokinetic characteristics, should make temafloxacin an effective antimicrobial agent against infections caused by gram-negative bacteria.
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PMID:In vitro activity of temafloxacin against gram-negative bacteria: an overview. 166 90

In order to investigate arthritis-triggering, serologically cross-reactive antigens, sera from patients infected with arthritis-associated microbes, Salmonellae, Chlamydia trachomatis, and Sindbis-like alphavirus, were reacted against SDS-PAGE separated and immunoblotted Yersinia enterocolitica 0:3 antigens. These sera reacted with Yersinia to the same extent as did the control sera taken from patients with streptococcal, staphylococcal and Bordetella pertussis infections or from healthy blood donors. Moreover, the various sera produced different reactivity patterns, directed against several different antigens. Although sera from test subjects, as well as from controls including healthy individuals, recognized some Yersinia antigens, these patterns differed markedly from those recognized by sera taken from patients with Yersinia infection. Significantly, analysis of the reactivities against the different molecular weight antigen components of Yersinia revealed no dominant band or pattern which could thus have been defined as arthritis-associated.
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PMID:Serological cross-reactions against Yersinia enterocolitica in patients infected with other arthritis-associated microbes. 216 7

The usefulness of clinical, radiologic, and physiologic characteristics to identify pathogens was assessed in 90 infants aged two through 12 weeks, presenting to an outpatient clinic with an acute respiratory infection. Eighty-four cases had cultures or rapid diagnostic tests for RSV, of which 25 were positive. Eighty-two infants had cultures or rapid diagnostic tests for Chlamydia, of which 16 were positive. Additional respiratory pathogens identified included parainfluenza (6 cases), rhinovirus (3 cases), pertussis (2 cases), and CMV (1 case). Multiple pathogens were identified in four cases: Chlamydia and RSV (2 cases), Chlamydia and parainfluenza (1 case), and Chlamydia and CMV (1 case). Clinical characteristics other than the need for hospitalization were not useful predictors of specific pathogens. X-rays were obtained in 20 (80%) of the RSV infections, 13 (81%) of the Chlamydia infections, six of the parainfluenza infections, two pertussis infections, and 25 cases without identification of the pathogen. X-ray findings could not distinguish between patients with or without a pathogen or between the pathogens. Severe findings were present in 28% (11/40) of cases with a pathogen identified, compared to 12% (3/26) of cases without a pathogen identified (NS). Moderate findings were present in 58% (23/40) of cases with a pathogen identified compared to 62% (16/26) of cases without a pathogen identified. Slight/negative findings were present in 15% (6/40) of cases with a pathogen identified, compared to 27% (7/26) of cases without a pathogen identified. Pulse oximetry was done in 30 cases, 22 of which had a pathogen identified (RSV 14, Chlamydia 7, pertussis 1).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Acute respiratory infections during the first three months of life: clinical, radiologic and physiologic predictors of etiology. 221 19

Clarithromycin (TE-031, A-56268), a new macrolide antibiotic agent, was evaluated bacteriologically and clinically for its efficacy and safety in pediatrics by a study group organized with pediatricians from all over the country. A summary of the results of the evaluation is as follows. 1. Absorption and excretion Pharmacokinetics of TE-031 was examined by single oral administration of 10% granules and 50 mg tablets at doses of 1, 5, 10 and 15 mg/kg. There were no significant differences between 10% granules and 50 mg tablets, and between administrations before and after meal. Peaks and half-life periods of blood level of TE-031 given once at doses of 5, 10 and 15 mg/kg (10% granules) before meal were 1.58, 4.37 and 3.79 micrograms/ml, and 2.53, 3.17 and 2.20 hours, respectively, and the urinary excretion in 6 hours after the administration were about 20-30%. 2. Antibacterial effects TE-031 was proved to have excellent antibacterial effect, i.e., inhibiting growth over 80% of strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus pyogenes at 0.10 micrograms/ml, Branhamella catarrhalis at 0.39 micrograms/ml, and Campylobacter jejuni at 0.78 micrograms/ml. Against Staphylococcus aureus, TE-031 showed very similar activity spectrum to EM, and EM resistant strains were also resistant to TE-031. 3. Clinical results A total of 764 cases was studied. Clinical effects of TE-031 were evaluated in 717 cases out of the 764, excluding drop-outs and cases which did not meet specified protocols. Clinically, efficacies of TE-031 were "excellent" in 265 cases and "good" in 161 cases out of 453 cases of Group A in which causal agents were identified, with an efficacy rate of 94.0%, and out of 264 cases of Group B in which pathogens were not detected, clinical effects of TE-031 were "excellent" in 115 cases and "good" in 124 cases, with an efficacy rate of 90.5%. In terms of clinical effects of TE-031 classified by diseases when Group A and B were combined, efficacy rates were 91.6% for upper respiratory tract infection (217/237), 90.0% for bacterial pneumonia (108/120), 97.4% for Mycoplasma pneumonia (111/114), 100% for Chlamydia pneumonia (4/4), 85.0% for pertussis (34/40), 100% for scarlet fever (16/16), 83.9% for skin and soft tissue infection (26/31), and 98.9% for Campylobacter enteritis (87/88).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:[Bacteriological, pharmacokinetic and clinical studies on clarithromycin in the pediatric field. Pediatric Study Group of Clarithromycin]. 252 59

The role of Chlamydia trachomatis was investigated in lower respiratory tract infections in 254 children. The organism was not isolated in any child but Bordetella pertussis was isolated from 65. Two of the latter and one of the remaining 189 children with negative isolation, however, had immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies to Chlamydia trachomatis (titers of 1:64, 1:64 and 1:128). Exhaustive absorption of the sera with bordetella antigen left the chlamydial titers unchanged, thus excluding the possibility of cross-reactivity with bordetella antigen. To determine whether nonspecific stimulation of B lymphocytes played a role, sera from 72 children with infectious mononucleosis were examined. Chlamydial IgM antibodies (greater than or equal to 1:64) were detected in 14 of these sera, significantly more often than in other acute childhood infections (p = 0.002). Serotyping showed that these antibodies had a heterogeneous specificity in different sera and a reactivity pattern suggesting they were monoclonal. The association found between chlamydial IgM antibodies and Epstein-Barr virus infection implies that there is nonspecific production of these antibodies in infectious mononucleosis, suggesting that similar nonspecific antibody production could occur in other infections. This might explain the chlamydial IgM found in children with lower respiratory tract infections in whom chlamydial infection could not be confirmed by isolation.
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PMID:Chlamydial respiratory infection in childhood and spurious immunoglobulin M. 287 78

Macrolides are active against Streptococcus pneumoniae, Legionella spp. and Mycoplasma pneumoniae, the main causes of community-acquired pneumonia They may therefore be used for the empirical treatment of community-acquired pneumonia, although emergent resistance in Str. pneumoniae limits their use in some parts of the world. In patients with bronchitis the use of macrolides reduces the severity and duration of symptoms. Macrolides have also been used successfully in the treatment of otitis media and sinusitis; combination with sulphonamides may be desirable. They may be effective in eradicating the carrier state of Str. pyogenes, Bordetella pertussis, Corynebacterium diptheriae, and Neisseria meningitidis. Macrolides provide alternative therapy for the prophylaxis of recurrent acute rheumatic fever and of infective endocarditis after dental treatment. The cure rate with macrolides of streptococcal skin infections and of minor staphylococcal infections is equal to that achieved with penicillins. In diarrhoea due to Campylobacter jejuni, the administration of macrolides shortens the duration of the faecal excretion of organisms and may give clinical improvement in severe disease. Macrolides are the drugs of choice for infections due to Chlamydia trachomatis in pregnancy and for Haemophilus ducreyi infections. They are effective alternative therapy to benzylpenicillin for the treatment of N. gonorrhoeae and Treponema pallidum infections.
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PMID:The clinical use of macrolides. 305 68

The antibacterial activity of ofloxacin, a new fluoroquinolone, was evaluated against a wide range of clinical bacterial isolates and compared with that of nalidixic acid, norfloxacin, enoxacin, pefloxacin and ciprofloxacin by determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs). Ofloxacin was very active against nalidixic acid-susceptible isolates of the Enterobacteriaceae (MIC less than or equal to 0.12 mg/l) and was also active against strains resistant to nalidixic acid (MIC less than or equal to 2 mg/l). The activity was similar to norfloxacin, enoxacin and pefloxacin but some four-fold less than that of ciprofloxacin. All of the fluoroquinolones were highly active against Vibrio cholerae (MIC less than or equal to 0.015 mg/l), V. parahaemolyticus (MIC less than or equal to 0.12 mg/l) Aeromonas hydrophila (MIC less than or equal to 0.03 mg/l), Plesiomonas shigelloides (MIC less than or equal to 0.015 mg/l), Campylobacter jejuni (MIC less than or equal to 0.5 mg/l), Neisseria spp., Haemophilus influenzae, H. ducreyi, Bordetella pertussis and Legionella pneumophila (MIC less than or equal to 0.06 mg/l for all species). Ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin and pefloxacin (MIC less than or equal to 1, 2 and 2 mg/l, respectively) showed similar activity against Staphylococcus spp. and were somewhat more active than enoxacin (MIC less than or equal to 4 mg/l) and norfloxacin (MIC less than or equal to 8 mg/l). Ofloxacin was moderately active against beta-haemolytic Streptococcus spp. (MIC less than or equal to 2 mg/l), Corynebacterium diphtheriae (MIC less than or equal to 1 mg/l) and Cory. jeikeium (MIC less than or equal to 2 mg/l) and somewhat less active against alpha- and non-haemolytic Streptococcus spp., Str. pneumoniae and Listeria monocytogenes (MIC less than or equal to 4 mg/l for all species) and Str. faecalis (MIC less than or equal to 8 mg/l). The activity of ofloxacin, against these species, was similar to ciprofloxacin and four to eight times greater than norfloxacin, enoxacin and pefloxacin. Ofloxacin, and all of the fluoroquinolones, were less active against anaerobic than aerobic bacteria. Clostridium perfringens (MIC less than or equal to 1 mg/l) was more susceptible to ofloxacin than were other anaerobic species and Cl. difficile (MIC less than or equal to 16 mg/l) was more resistant. Ofloxacin was the most active compound tested against Chlamydia trachomatis SA2f (MIC less than or equal to 0.5 mg/l) with only ciprofloxacin (MIC less than or equal to 1 mg/l) approaching similar activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:The comparative in-vitro activity of ofloxacin. 318 68

Clinical efficacies of a new macrolide antibiotic, rokitamycin (RKM, TMS-19-Q), were studied in acute pediatric infections. Responses to the RKM administration were evaluable in 62 out of 68 patients consisted of 7 patients with pharyngitis (efficacy rate of 85.7%, 6/7 patients), 4 with bronchitis (25.0%, 1/4), 9 with tonsillitis (100%, 9/9), 13 with mycoplasmal pneumonia (100%, 13/13), 13 with hemolytic streptococcal infections (92.3%, 12/13), 14 with pneumonia (57.1%, 8/14), one with pertussis (100%, 1/1) and another with Chlamydia pneumonia (100%, 1/1) thus an overall efficacy rate of 82.3% was achieved. Urticaria was observed in one of the patients as an adverse reaction to the drug, while abnormal laboratory test results were noted in 3 patients, but none of such changes were severe. The drug, even when administered in combination with a theophylline preparation, exerted no effects on the serum concentration of the latter.
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PMID:[Clinical results of a rokitamycin dry syrup in pediatric infections]. 322 32

The reasons for combining trimethoprim (TMP) with sulfonamides (SUL) are still mainly theoretical but are supported by results from experimental infections and treatment of specific pathogens in humans, such as Branhamella catarrhalis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Brucella, Nocardia asteroides and perhaps Bordetella pertussis and Chlamydia trachomatis. Addition of SUL to TMP confers a therapeutic advantage also in patients with complicated urinary tract infection but probably not in young women with acute cystitis. Conditions that may enable TMP-SUL synergy in vivo can be expected to occur only in occasional cases of infection due to staphylococci, streptococci, Haemophilus or enteric bacteria. This fact together with ethical problems and availability of alternative therapies make further evaluations of the clinical significance of the SUL component of TMP-SUL very difficult. Although the use of TMP alone has shown promise in exacerbations of chronic bronchitis the role of the SUL component in TMP-SUL treatment of infections outside the urinary tract remains to be defined in comparative clinical trials.
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PMID:Significance of the sulfonamide component for the clinical efficacy of trimethoprim-sulfonamide combinations. 351 51

Erythromycin, first introduced for clinical use 30 years ago, was found to be effective for the treatment of gram-positive bacterial infections. Emergence of resistance and the advent of penicillinase-resistant penicillins limited the use of erythromycin for serious staphylococcal infections; however, erythromycin remains among the drugs of choice for the treatment of acne, infections of the skin and soft tissues, streptococcal pharyngitis, bronchitis, pneumonitis, diphtheria, carriers of pertussis, and, when administered with a sulfonamide, otitis media. Erythromycin is the drug of choice for the empiric treatment of outpatients with pneumonitis. Erythromycin is also the drug of choice for the treatment of Legionella pneumonia and is effective therapy for Chlamydia infections. Other uses of erythromycin include prophylaxis for elective colon operations and treatment of Campylobacter enteritis, genitourinary infections, and some sexually transmitted diseases.
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PMID:Erythromycin: a microbial and clinical perspective after 30 years of clinical use (2). 388 13


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