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Query: UMLS:C0043167 (pertussis)
 19,595 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In contrast to the 1980s, immunization rates increased dramatically in the United States in the mid-1990s. Three-quarters of all 2-year-olds had received all recommended immunizations in 1997 as compared to just over one-half in 1992. Immunization rates for individual vaccines have reached 90 percent for three of the vaccines--measles, mumps, rubella; pollo; and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib). The vaccine for diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis, however, and the newer vaccine for hepatitis B have not yet reached 90 percent of 2-year-olds. The rising immunization levels in young children have resulted in declining incidence of almost all of the vaccine-preventable illnesses. Cases of measles and Hib have declined 95 percent and the incidence of rubella and congenital rubella, hepatitis B and mumps has also declined. Pertussis (whooping cough), however, continued its pattern of periodic increases and decreases. This lack of improvement is probably due to a combination of lower immunization levels for pertussis and waning immunity in previously immunized adolescents and young adults. Federal efforts such as the President's Childhood Immunization Initiative along with its Vaccines for Children program have been credited for a great deal of this improvement. These programs increased public awareness of the need for and access to immunizations, better tracking of immunizations and vaccine-preventable illnesses and have also removed cost barriers to receipt of such protection. At the same time, new vaccines (against chickenpox and rotavirus) and safer versions of older vaccines (pertussis) have been brought into widespread use. Children can now be vaccinated against increasing varieties of childhood diseases. While progress in immunization has been good, areas in need of improvement remain. Pertussis continues to be a problem both in terms of incidence and immunization levels. Also, immunization levels differ significantly by poverty level and race and ethnicity. Black, Hisparic, American Indian and Asian children are less likely to be fully immunized than non-Hispanic white children and poor children are less likely to be fully immunized than nonpoor children.
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PMID:Immunization and vaccine-preventable illness, United States, 1992 to 1997. 1032 22

Several infectious childhood diseases can be prevented by vaccination. A survey of hospital admissions for such diseases was conducted in Aichi Prefecture over 5 years beginning in 1994. A questionnaire was sent annually to hospitals with 100 or more beds to obtain information on pediatric patients requiring hospitalization for 10 vaccine preventable diseases. Information was obtained on 3,953 patients. Most admissions were for measles (49%), followed by mumps, chickenpox, pertussis, rubella, and tuberculosis. Over half of the patients were under 3 years old, with 20% aged under 12 months, 25% aged from 12 months to 2 years, and 10% aged from 2 to 3 years. The average hospital stay was longest for tuberculosis and pertussis, and was around 1 week for the other diseases. Familial transmission was the most common source of infection identified. The only death was an unvaccinated patient with measles pneumonia. Sequelae were reported at the time of discharge in 15 patients (0.4%), and were permanent in some cases. Some 96% of the patients surveyed were unvaccinated against the disease causing hospitalization. The fact that there were 14 patients with sequelae and the one patient who died were unvaccinated, emphasizes the need to promote vaccination.
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PMID:Pediatric admission for vaccine preventable diseases: a 5-year survey from 1994 to 1998 in Aichi Prefecture. 1068 87

A UK population-based case-control study of Hodgkin's disease (HD) in young adults (16-24 years) included 118 cases and 237 controls matched on year of birth, gender and county of residence. The majority (103) of the cases were classified by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) status (EBV present in Reed-Stenberg cells), with 19 being EBV-positive. Analyses using conditional logistic regression are presented of subject reports of prior infectious disease (infectious mononucleosis (IM), chicken pox, measles, mumps, pertussis and rubella). In these analyses HD cases are compared with matched controls, EBV-positive cases and EBV-negative cases are compared separately with their controls and formal tests of differences of association by EBV status are applied. A prior history of IM was positively associated with HD (odds ratio (OR) = 2.43, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.10-5.33) and with EBV-positive HD (OR = 9.16, 95% CI = 1.07-78.31) and the difference between EBV-positive and EBV-negative HD was statistically significant (P = 0.013). The remaining infectious illnesses (combined) were negatively associated with HD, EBV-positive HD and EBV-negative HD (in the total series, for > or =2 episodes compared with < or =1, OR = 0.45, 95% CI = 0.25-0.83). These results support previous evidence that early exposure to infection protects against HD and that IM increases subsequent risk; the comparisons of EBV-positive and EBV-negative HD are new and generate hypotheses for further study.
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PMID:Risk factors for Hodgkin's disease by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) status: prior infection by EBV and other agents. 1073 96

Adult immunization is a neglected and underpublicised issue in Southeast Asia. Vaccine-preventable diseases cause unnecessary morbidity and mortality among adults in the region, while inadequate immunization results in unnecessary costs, including those associated with hospitalization, treatment, and loss of income. Childhood vaccination coverage is high for the EPI diseases of diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis; however, unvaccinated, undervaccinated, and aging adults with waning immunity remain at risk from infection and may benefit from vaccination. Catch-up immunization is advisable for adults seronegative for hepatitis B virus, while immunization against the hepatitis A and varicella viruses may benefit those who remain susceptible. Among older adults, immunization against influenza and pneumococcal infections is likely to be beneficial in reducing morbidity and mortality. Certain vaccinations are also recommended for specific groups, such as rubella for women of child-bearing age, typhoid for those travelling to high-endemicity areas, and several vaccines for high-risk occupational groups such as health care workers. This paper presents an overview of a number of vaccine-preventable diseases which occur in adults, and highlights the importance of immunization to protect those at risk of infection.
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PMID:Adult immunization--a neglected issue in Southeast Asia. 1102 89

Despite the success of the national childhood vaccination program in the United States in decreasing mortality due to vaccine-preventable diseases, vaccination rates remain suboptimal. Contributing factors include the failure to appreciate the hazards of vaccine-preventable diseases, concerns about adverse reactions associated with vaccine administration, and missed opportunities to administer vaccines. The 2 major types of indications for vaccinating children are age and presence of a medical condition that increases the risk of a vaccine-preventable disease. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection becomes chronic in 90% of those infected as infants, and 25% of those so infected will die of related chronic liver disease as adults. Routine infant vaccination against hepatitis B has been recommended since 1991. Approximately 69% of infants who develop pertussis require hospitalization. Acellular pertussis vaccines have been licensed for use in infancy. Starting in 2000, the all-inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) schedule is recommended. IPV should eliminate vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine was licensed in 2000 for routine use on a schedule of 2, 4, 6, and 12 to 15 months. The first dose of measles-mumps-rubella vaccine is now recommended at age 12 to 15 months, simultaneous with varicella vaccine administration.
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PMID:Child vaccination, part 1: routine vaccines. 1121 72

Health-care personnel (HCP) are at risk for infection from occupational exposure, and can transmit infectious pathogens to patients and other personnel. The risk of disease acquisition depends on factors including the virulence of the causative organism, the mode of pathogen transmission, and the immune competency of the exposed individual. This article reviews the management of occupational exposure, infection, and strategies for the prevention of transmission of selected vaccine-prevent- able diseases (varicella zoster virus, influenza, pertussis) and bloodborne pathogens (hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, human immunodeficiency virus). Recommended strategies include surveillance, vaccination, infection control measures, and postexposure prophylaxis. Improved detection, management, and prevention strategies are needed to reduce the risk of trans- mission of infection to HCP.
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PMID:Infections Associated with Health-care Personnel: Vaccine-preventable Diseases and Bloodborne Pathogens. 1109 95

Most of the children who showed systemic immediate-type reactions, including anaphylactic shock, to measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella vaccines had IgE antibodies to gelatin; thus we suspected that the allergic symptoms are caused by gelatin antigen, which is usually included in these live-virus vaccines as a stabilizer. We hypothesized that the anti-gelatin IgE is elicited by immunization with DTaP (diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis) vaccines, which contained a small amount of gelatin as a spillover protein after purification of pertussis toxin. To test this hypothesis, we conducted a case-control study to determine whether children with anti-gelatin IgE had received gelatin-containing DTaP vaccines, and it was indeed found that all such children in the study had immunization histories that included the gelatin-containing DTaP vaccines. Based on these findings, the vaccine manufacturers had removed gelatin from all the DTaP and live-virus vaccines produced in Japan by 2000.
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PMID:Systemic allergic reactions to gelatin included in vaccines as a stabilizer. 1113 3

The aim of this study was to evaluate the underreporting of some infectious diseases in the pediatric population in the Local Health Unit of Florence in the period 15.09.1997-14.09.1998. Data from the current notification system and from an a hoc sentinel network were used. Nine family pediatricians voluntarily participated in the sentinel network, notifying all cases of measles, mumps, pertussis, rubella, scarlet fever and chickenpox diagnosed in the population of children under their professional responsibility, in the period of the study. Chickenpox was the most frequent disease (2,043 cases equal to 73.5% of total notifications). The notification rate for chickenpox obtained with the sentinel network was 41.6 per 1,000 children, meanwhile the notification rate obtained with the current notification system was 23.7 per 1,000. The notification rate for scarlet fever was 24.1 per 1,000 with the sentinel network and 6.0 per 1000 with the current notification system. The underreporting for the two diseases was respectively 43% and 75%. Voluntary participation of physicians in sentinel network guarantees data of good quality, making these networks very useful tools for the epidemiologic evaluation of infectious diseases with benign prognosis.
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PMID:[Estimate of underreporting of infectious diseases through a sentinel network of pediatricinas in the area of local health unit of Florence]. 1118 78

We studied immunization for 128 handicapped patients, from 3 to 15 years of age, in a Seishi Gakuen Hospital, with 8 vaccines: diphtheria-purified acellular pertussis-tetanus combined (DPT), BCG, polio, measles, rubella, mumps, varicella, and Japanese B encephalitis. The rate of vaccination in these patients was lower than in healthy children at 3 years of age in Kanazawa City. There was no significant difference between patients with and without epilepsy. The rate was higher in the hospitalized patients than in the outpatients. More than 90% of the hospitalized patients was immunized against influenza under informed consent in 1997 and 1998. Despite pandemics of influenza in Kanazawa City, where the hospital was located, the period of fever by influenza was significantly shorter in our patients in both 1997 and 1998 than in 1996. Although a half of our patients had epilepsy, they were safely vaccinated with few side effects.
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PMID:[Survey of vaccination for physically-handicapped and epileptic children]. 1119 90

There is no agreement on immunization of children treated with chemotherapy (CT) for solid tumors. Based on a review of the literature, we have attempted to establish guidelines on this subject. Except for hepatitis B vaccine, there is no argument to support the use of vaccine during CT. After a standard CT, a 3-month washout period appears to be necessary before starting an immunization program for a child not previously vaccinated, or to proceed with the recommended booster injections for diphteria anatoxin, tetanus vaccine, poliomyelitis inactivated vaccine, pertussis vaccine, and haemophilus influenza type b vaccine if the child is less than 5 years old. For mumps, measles, and rubella live vaccines, a longer post-CT washout of 6 months is suggested for the initial immunization, or for a revaccination of a child proved to be negative for all three serologies. Following high-dose CT a minimal 12-months term and a normalization of the blood lymphocytes count is necessary before planning booster injections once having checked for antidiphteria, tetanic, polio, measles, mumps, rubella and +/- haemophilus antibody titles. We don't find any reason to recommend a systematic varicella immunization in pediatric oncology. Pneumococcal vaccine is recommended in case of asplenia. Any other vaccination (BCG, influenza, yellow fever) must be evaluated individually.
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PMID:[Immunization for children treated for solid tumors: what are the guidelines?]. 1148 58


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