Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0042963 (vomiting)
 31,883 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A high prevalence of malnutrition has been reported in dialysis patients. Anorexia and vomiting associated with the uraemic state and increased protein breakdown induced by acidosis are some of the factors suggested to contribute to the development of malnutrition in these patients. There is evidence that the haemodialysis procedure per se promotes increased net protein catabolism. In healthy subjects, the passage of blood through a cuprophane dialyser without circulating dialysate leads to increased efflux of amino acids from muscle tissues, indicating that accelerated protein breakdown may be caused by the interaction between blood and regenerated cellulose membranes. The use of more biocompatible membranes, such as polysulfone and polyacrylonitrile, does not result in increased muscle protein catabolism. Loss of nutrients to the dialysate during clinical haemodialysis has been considered as an additional catabolic factor. Some recent reports indicate that, compared to low flux dialysers, the use of high flux membranes results in greater disturbances of plasma amino acid caused by increased loss to the dialysate. Thus, not only bioincompatibility but also the physical properties of the dialysis membrane seem to be involved in haemodialysis-related protein catabolism.
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PMID:Protein catabolism in maintenance haemodialysis: the influence of the dialysis membrane. 880 8

Anorexia is one of the most common symptoms of patients with advanced cancer and it presents as loss of appetite due to satiety. On the other hand, cachexia is described in those patients with unwanted weight loss. Cancerous processes produce an energy unbalance by decreased food intake and increased catabolism, resulting in a clearly negative balance. Several factors determining cachexia are observed, from metabolic unbalances produced by tumoral products and endocrine impairments or the inflammatory response produced by cytokines, all of them leading to higher lipolysis, loss of muscle protein, and anorexia. Besides, causes of anorexia are multiple, from chemotherapy agents, radiotherapy, or immunotherapy, which may produce different degrees of nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and also leading to impairments of taste and smell, to obstruction of the digestive tract, pain, depression, constipation, etc. From the knowledge of the different mechanisms producing the anorexia-cachexia syndrome, hypercaloric diets for artificial nutrition have been studied with varying success, and different drugs with a positive effect on appetite gain such as progestogens, steroids, and with lesser clinical evidence cannabinoids, cyproheptadine, mirtazapine (antidepressant), and olanzapine (antipsychotic). Other drugs have been studied because of their anti-inflammatory properties, anti-cytokine, such as melatonin, polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids, pentoxifylline, and thalidomide; with the exception of the latter, clinical data are still scant for daily usage. Similarly happens with testosterone-derived anabolic drugs or with metabolism inhibitors such as hydrazine sulfate. With no doubt, progestogens, especially megestrol, and corticosteroids will be first-line therapies for anorexia-cachexia syndrome to stimulate the appetite and increase weight (megestrol), and have an effect on quality of life improvement and comfort in patients with advanced cancer.
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PMID:[Pharmacological therapy of cancer anorexia-cachexia]. 1676 27