Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0042963 (vomiting)
 31,883 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In the intestinal epithelium the rapidly proliferating crypt cells, the precursors of the mature enterocytes are extremely sensitive to the effects of cytostatic agents. The symptoms of intestinal impairment: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, ulceration, are well known both in clinical practice and in experimental chemotherapy. To obtain information about the biochemical nature of these side effects, a study was performed by investigating the influence of clinically used alkylating hexitol derivatives, dianhydrogalactitol and diacetyl-dianhydrogalactitol, on rat intestinal mucosa cells. The biochemical parameters were investigated in isolated intestinal mucosa cells. Cell proliferation was characterized by measuring the activity of thymidine kinase, while digestion was evaluated by assaying the alkaline phosphatase, sucrase and maltase activities localized in the brush border membrane of the villus cells. The dose response studies of the different enzyme activities indicated that inhibition in all cases was dose dependent. The nadir of the intestinal damage and the time of regeneration were influenced both by the dose and the dosage schedule of the drugs.
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PMID:Biochemical changes of intestinal epithelial cells induced by cytostatic agents in rats. 386 86

Three strains of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) (064:KSNT, K88ac; 020:KSNT, K88ac and 08:K85ab, K99) originally cultured from outbreaks of diarrhoea in piglets a few hours old, were administered orally to gnotobiotic piglets. There was a marked age-related difference in the clinical response to infection between the 3 strains although they all produced heat-stable toxin. All 3 strains produced severe clinical signs of depression, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhoea, followed by dehydration and death in one-day-old piglets. In piglets infected at 3 days of age the two K88+ ETEC caused diarrhoea and death but the K99+ ETEC induced moderate diarrhoea only. In piglets infected at 7 days of age, the 064 strain produced severe diarrhoea and death, and 020 strain caused mild diarrhoea in 3 of 6 piglets with one death while the 08 strain caused no illness. Pathological changes in the intestinal tract associated with these infections were minimal, or absent. Immunofluorescent staining with homologous hyperimmune sera demonstrated adherence of the 3 ETEC strains to the brush border of small intestinal epithelial cells. Fluorescing organisms were observed in all infected piglets irrespective of the severity of clinical signs but the degree and extent of colonisation varied with the age of the piglets and the infecting strain. This may explain the difference in clinical response between the 3 strains.
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PMID:Experimental colibacillosis in gnotobiotic piglets exposed to 3 enterotoxigenic serotypes. 676 Aug 49

We describe a familial form of recurrent acute, life-threatening secretory diarrhea associated with distinctive jejunal histologic changes and IgG2 subclass deficiency. Symptoms begin abruptly with anorexia and vomiting, and progress within hours to massive secretory diarrhea and shock with profound neutropenia and hypoproteinemia, including hypoalbuminemia and hypogammaglobulinemia. Affected survivors recover quickly and thereafter grow and develop normally. Biopsy specimens obtained during remission from 3 adults and 11 children show club-shaped jejunal villi broadened by edema and histiocytes with imbibed fluid; the overlying intestinal epithelium and brush border appear normal, but the basement membrane is interrupted in some areas. No characteristic microorganisms have been identified in association with the syndrome. Clinical manifestations cease in the second decade, but the abnormal jejunal histologic pattern persists into adult life. Female and male patients are equally affected, although all fatal cases have been in female subjects. Inheritance appears dominant with variable penetrance: one family member without a history of diarrhea has characteristic biopsy findings and another appears to be an obligate carrier with normal biopsy findings. Affected individuals have a reduced serum concentration of IgG2. We believe that this familial enteropathy is a unique entity, not previously described.
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PMID:Familial enteropathy with villous edema and immunoglobulin G2 subclass deficiency. 862 57

Cam-2445 is a selective, high-affinity NK1 receptor antagonist that is a potentially useful treatment for arthritis, asthma, migraine, anxiety, psychosis, and emesis. Cam-2445 exhibits low aqueous solubility and high lipophilicity and has a molecular weight of 470. Cam-2445 has poor oral bioavailability and the purpose of this research was to examine the potential barriers to the oral bioavailability of Cam-2445. Cam-2445 was relatively stable at 37 degrees C in 0.1 N HCl, 5 microM alpha-chymotrypsin, rat intestinal perfusate, and in rat jejunal brush border membrane suspension. High permeability was observed from CACO-2 cells and from rat single-pass intestinal perfusions. Cam-2445 was administered as a solution to rats by intravenous (i.v.), oral (p.o.), intraduodenal (i.d.), and intraportal (i.p.v.) routes. The total oral bioavailability was poor at 1.4%. Absorption appeared to be rapid after i.d. dosing; bioavailability was 26%, and 54% of the dose was absorbed intact into the portal system. After i.p.v. dosing, 48% of the dose was available to the systemic circulation. The elimination t1/2 after i.d. dosing (2.91 h) was comparable to that i.v. dosing (2.93 h), whereas it was significantly longer after p.o. dosing (12.4 h). The p.o. dose apparently precipitated in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, resulting in low oral bioavailability. These results indicated that neither stability in the GI tract nor membrane transport were major obstacles to the absorption of Cam-2445. While hepatic extraction of 52% was significant, the low aqueous solubility of Cam-2445, as well as the differences noted between p.o. and i.d. studies, strongly support GI dissolution and/or precipitation as the limiting factor for the oral bioavailability of the compound.
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PMID:Absorption of Cam-2445, and NK1 neurokinin receptor antagonist: in vivo, in situ, and in vitro evaluations. 869 23

Cyclic vomiting syndrome is characterized by sudden episodes of vomiting and abdominal pain. It occurs primarily in children, is exacerbated by stress, and is often considered a migraine equivalent. Migraines have been linked to mast cells, which are often found close to neurons where they are activated by neuropeptides. We investigated the ultrastructural appearance of rat ileal brush border and mast cells following acute stress by immobilization. The effect of sulfated proteoglycans heparin and chondroitin sulfate was also tested on mast cell histamine secretion. Ileal brush border appeared intact in control animals, but was shorter and exhibited intercellular gaps after 30 min of acute immobilization stress. Mast cell activation in control rats was minimal, while stress induced obvious signs of activation as judged from disappearance of secretory granule electron dense contents. However, these intragranular changes were not accompanied by typical degranulation through exocytosis. Treatment of purified homogeneic rat peritoneal mast cells with 10(-4) M heparin or chondroitin sulfate 30 min prior to stimulation with 0.5 microg/ml compound 48/80 decreased histamine release by over 70% and 50% (P < 0.05), respectively. These results suggest the possible usefulness of chondroitin sulfate in conditions such as cyclic vomiting syndrome.
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PMID:Stress-induced rat intestinal mast cell intragranular activation and inhibitory effect of sulfated proteoglycans. 1049 45

Giardia intestinalis infection causes enterocytes damage and loss of brush border of the epithelial cells of the intestine that leads to shortening of microvilli and altered epithelial barrier function. This pathology results in aqueous diarrhoea, steatorrhea, nausea, abdominal pain, vomiting and weight loss. However, most infections are asymptomatic. The main consequence of Giardia colonization is nutrients malabsorption. Several families of drugs with good efficacy are used for Giardia treatment, but sometime dosing regimens are suboptimal and emerging resistance begins to question their clinical value. Moreover, some of these drugs can cause side effects that result in patient discomfort and low adherence to the treatment. This paper reviews the drugs currently used for the treatment against Giardia: the mechanism of action, the efficacy, the normal dosing, side effects and in vitro and clinical studies. In addition, new therapies against Giardia such as those based on phytochemicals, Lactobacillus and nanotechnology are collected in this paper, trying to find the ideal treatment for this disease with maximum efficacy and minimum adverse effects.
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PMID:Giardiasis: Characteristics, Pathogenesis and New Insights About Treatment. 3027 55