Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0042963 (vomiting)
 31,883 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The tachykinin NK1 receptor antagonist CP-99,994 ((+)-(2S,3S)-3-(2-methoxybenzylamino)-2-phenylpiperidine) (0.3-3 mg/kg i.v.), but not its inactive enantiomer CP-100,263, attenuated the retching and vomiting induced by cisplatin (10 mg/kg i.v.) in the ferret. CP-99,994, 3 mg/kg i.v., prevented vomiting in all ferrets tested. Since substance P is the preferred ligand at the NK1 receptor subtype these data support a role for the release of this peptide during the emetic response induced by cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents.
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PMID:The tachykinin NK1 receptor antagonist CP-99,994 attenuates cisplatin induced emesis in the ferret. 811 5

The pharmacological activity of RS 42358-197, a novel 5-HT3 receptor antagonist has been evaluated in vitro and in vivo. In functional experiments in vitro, RS 42358-197 behaved as a competitive antagonist against 5-HT-induced contractions in the guinea pig ileum (low-potency phase), yielding a pA2 estimate of 8.1. RS 42358-197 was devoid of any agonistic or antagonistic activity at 5-HT1-like receptors (contraction of canine saphenous vein), 5-HT2 receptors (contraction of rabbit aorta) or 5-HT4 receptors (contraction of guinea pig ileum, high-potency phase). RS 42358-197 failed to affect the concentration-effect curve to substance P in guinea pig ileum. In anesthetized rats. RS 42358-197, administered by the intravenous, intraduodenal or transdermal route, dose-dependently inhibited the Bezold-Jarisch reflex induced by 2-methyl 5-HT (ID50:0.05 micrograms/kg; i.v., 5.7 micrograms/kg; i.d., and 11.6 micrograms/chamber, respectively). In this regard, when administered intraduodenally, RS 42358-197 was more potent and exhibited a longer duration of action than either ondansetron or granisetron. In dogs, RS 42358-197, administered either intravenously or orally, dose-dependently inhibited the emesis induced by cisplatin, actinomycin and cyclophosphamide, but not that induced by apomorphine. When tested at maximally effective doses against cisplatin-induced emesis in dogs, RS 42358-197 had a longer duration of antiemetic activity (> 6 h) than ondansetron (2 h). RS 42358-197, administered orally, also afforded protection against cisplatin-induced emesis in ferrets. At doses that showed marked anti-emetic activity in dogs (10-100 micrograms/kg; i.v. and 100-1000 micrograms/kg; i.d.), RS 42358-197 did not produce any hemodynamic changes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:RS 42358-197, a novel and potent 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, in vitro and in vivo. 835 89

The ferrets' responsiveness to several known and putative emetic agents was evaluated using a variety of agents that were injected subcutaneously and/or intravenously. Apomorphine was consistently emetic at relatively high doses (100 micrograms/kg) when injected subcutaneously in large male ferrets (> or = 1.4 kg). The responsiveness to apomorphine was anomalous in that subcutaneous injections produced a more consistent response than intravenous ones. In addition, ferrets rapidly become tolerant or tachyphylactic to subcutaneously administered apomorphine. Area postrema ablation, but not abdominal vagotomy, rendered ferrets refractory to the emetic effects of apomorphine. This species, relative to dog and humans, proved to be insensitive to a variety of pharmacologic agents including angiotensin II, gastrin, histamine, Leu-enkephalin, neurotensin, serotonin, and vasopressin. Cisplatin elicited forceful retching and emesis. Emetic responses were obtained with substance P and Met-enkephalin in individual animals but were inconsistent. Sensitivity to DAGO [D-Ala2,MePhe4,Gly-ol5 enkephalin] was variable. Results of this study indicate that the ferret is not an optimal model for all forms of emesis.
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PMID:Behavioral studies of emetic sensitivity in the ferret. 849 72

1. Following our earlier observations that the tachykinin NK1 receptor antagonist CP-99,994 is an effective anti-emetic in ferrets, we have examined the anti-emetic effects of a more potent and novel NK1 receptor antagonist, GR203040, against various emetic stimuli in the ferret, dog and house musk shrew (Suncus murinus). 2. In ferrets, GR203040 (0.1 mg kg-1 s.c. or i.v.) is effective against emesis induced by radiation, cisplatin, cyclophosphamide, copper sulphate, ipecacuanha or morphine. 3. In animals in which emesis had been established with cisplatin, GR203040 (1 mg kg-1 s.c.) was fully effective as an interventional treatment. No further emesis was seen in animals treated with GR203040 whilst saline-treated animals continued to vomit. 4. GR203040 (0.1 mg kg-1 s.c.) retains anti-emetic efficacy in the ferret, even when given as a 6 h pretreatment, indicating that this compound has a long duration of action. The compound is also effective orally at the same dose, when given as a 90 min pretreatment. 5. GR203040 (0.1 mg kg-1 i.v.) is fully effective against ipecacuanha-induced emesis in the dog. 6. GR203040 is effective against motion- and cisplatin-induced emesis in Suncus murinus. These effects were seen at doses an order of magnitude greater than those shown to be effective against cisplatin in the ferret. 7. In conclusion, GR203040 is a novel anti-emetic agent, and the broad spectrum of anti-emetic activity, together with activity observed in three species, suggests that this compound is worthy of clinical investigation.
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PMID:The broad-spectrum anti-emetic activity of the novel non-peptide tachykinin NK1 receptor antagonist GR203040. 871 90

1. The in vitro and in vivo pharmacology of GR203040 ((2S, 3S)-2-methoxy-5-tetrazol-1-yl-benzyl-(2-phenyl-piperidin-3-y l)-amine), a novel, highly potent and selective non-peptide tachykinin NK1 receptor antagonist, was investigated in the present study. 2. GR203040 potently inhibited [3H]-substance P binding to human NK1 receptors expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) and U373 MG astrocytoma cells, and NK1 receptors in ferret and gerbil cortex (pKi values of 10.3, 10.5, 10.1 and 10.1 respectively). GR203040 had lower affinity at rat NK1 receptors (pKi = 8.6) and little affinity for human NK2 receptors (pKi < 5.0) in CHO cells and NK3 receptors in guinea-pig cortex (pKi < 6.0). With the exception of the histamine H1 receptor (pIC50 = 7.5). GR203040 had little affinity (pIC50 < 6.0) at all non-NK1 receptors and ion channels examined. Furthermore, GR203040 produced only weak inhibition of Na+ currents in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma and superior cervical ganglion cells (pIC50 values < 4.0). GR203040 produced only weak antagonism of Ca(2+)-evoked contractions of rat isolated portal vein (pKn = 4.1). The enantiomer of GR203040, GR205608 (2R, 3R)-2-methoxy-5-tetrazol-1-yl-benzyl-(2-phenyl-piperidin-3-y l)-amine), had 10,000 fold lower affinity at the human NK1 receptor expressed in CHO cells (pKi = 6.3). 3. In gerbil ex vivo binding experiments, GR203040 produced a dose-dependent inhibition of the binding of [3H]-substance P to cerebral cortical membranes (ED50 = 15 micrograms kg-1 s.c. and 0.42 mg kg-1 p.o.). At 10 micrograms kg-1 s.c., the inhibition of [3H]-substance P binding was maintained for > 6 h. In the rat, GR203040 was less potent (ED50 = 15.4 mg kg-1 s.c.) probably reflecting, at least in part, its lower affinity at the rat NK1 receptor. 4. In guinea-pig isolated ileum and dog isolated middle cerebral and basilar arteries, GR203040 produced a rightward displacement of the concentration-effect curves to substance P methyl ester (SPOMe) with suppression of the maximum agonist response (apparent pKB values of 11.9, 11.2 and 11.1 respectively). 5. In anaesthetized rabbits, GR203040 antagonized reductions in carotid arterial vascular resistance evoked by SPOMe, injected via the lingual artery (DR10 (i.e. the dose producing a dose-ratio of 10) = 1.1 micrograms kg-1, i.v.). At a dose 20 fold greater than its DR10 value (i.e. 22 micrograms kg-1, i.v.), significant antagonism was evident more than 2 h after GR203040 administration. 6. In anaesthetized rats, GR203040 (3 and 10 mg kg-1, i.v.) produced a dose-dependent inhibition of plasma protein extravasation in dura mater, conjunctiva, eyelid and lip in response to electrical stimulation of the trigeminal ganglion. 7. It is concluded that GR203040 is one of the most potent and selective NK1 receptor antagonists yet described, and as such, has considerable potential as a pharmacological tool to characterize the physiological and pathological roles of substance P and NK1 receptors. GR203040 may also have potential as a novel therapeutic agent for the treatment of conditions such as migraine, emesis and pain.
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PMID:The pharmacology of GR203040, a novel, potent and selective non-peptide tachykinin NK1 receptor antagonist. 871 89

The potent, selective, tachykinin NK1 receptor antagonist, CP-122,721 ([(+)-(2S,3S)-3-(2-methoxy-5-trifluoromethoxybenzyl)amino-2- phenylpiperidine]), at 0.01-1 mg/kg, s.c. reduced retching and vomiting elicited by loperamide, copper sulfate, ipecac syrup and cisplatin in a dose-dependent manner. ID50 values after subcutaneous administration ranged from 0.02 mg/kg (loperamide) to 0.08 mg/kg (ipecac). Oral CP-122,721 reduced cisplatin-induced emesis with an ID50 of approximately 0.08 mg/kg. The less active (2R, 3R)-enantiomer, CP-132.687, did not significantly suppress retching or vomiting induced by any of the emetogens. These data support the hypothesis that CP-122,721 blocks emesis by a specific action at tachykinin NK1 receptors. Its broad spectrum of antiemetic activity suggests a central site of action.
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PMID:Broad spectrum antiemetic effects of CP-122,721, a tachykinin NK1 receptor antagonist, in ferrets. 881 51

This paper is the first to describe aspects of the mechanics of retching in the insectivore Suncus murinus (house musk shrew) and in an animal of such a small size (approximately 50 g). In anaesthetised animals using the novel stimulus of mechanical stimulation of the upper gastrointestinal tract as the provocative stimulus the frequency of retching was found to be about 4 retches/s, a much higher frequency than in other species (dog, cat, ferret). These studies show that quantification of retching in Suncus cannot be undertaken using direct observation. The temporal pattern of the emetic response was characterised in conscious Suncus using motion (1 Hz, 5 min) and nicotine (20 mg/kg s.c.). The ultrapotent capsaicin analogue resiniferatoxin (100 micrograms/kg s.c.) was discovered to be highly emetic and comparative studies showed that nicotine and resiniferatoxin induced the most intense responses with episodes (retches and a vomit) occurring every 10-15 s. The retching response to mechanical stimulation in the anaesthetised Suncus was not blocked by a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist (granisetron, 1-5 mg/kg s.c.), a tachykinin NK1 receptor antagonist (CP-99,994 20 mg/kg s.c. dihydrochloride salt (9+) -(2S,3S)-3-(2-methoxybenzylamino)-2-phenylpiperidine) or morphine (2 mg/kg s.c.) but was blocked by the 5-HT1A receptor agonist 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT 100 micrograms/kg s.c.). Suncus appears to be a suitable animal in which to study the pharmacology of the emetic response to mechanical stimulation of the gut. The results are discussed in the light of studies of the pharmacology of emesis in other species.
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PMID:The pharmacology of the emetic response to upper gastrointestinal tract stimulation in Suncus murinus. 883 19

It has been demonstrated recently that antagonists of the tachykinin NK1 receptor, specifically CP-99,994 and GR203040, possess anti-emetic activity in a range of species. To optimise this activity, a series of analogues based around the structure of GR203040 have been synthesised and their affinity at the human tachykinin NK1 receptor determined. In addition, the potency of these analogues to inhibit emesis induced in the ferret by whole-body X-irradiation has been examined. A range of substitution at the C-1 position of the tetrazole moiety in GR203040 were explored in vitro and in vivo. The trifluoromethyl compound, GR205171, was the most potent antagonist with regard to the ability to inhibit emesis induced by X-irradiation. This compound was demonstrated to have a broad spectrum of anti-emetic activity, inhibiting emesis in the ferret induced by cisplatin, cyclophosphamide, morphine, ipecacuanha and copper sulphate. Furthermore, emesis was also inhibited in the house-musk shrew, Suncus murinus, when induced by either motion or cisplatin, and in the dog when induced by ipecacuanha. GR205171 has the most potent anti-emetic activity of any tachykinin NK1 receptor antagonist described to date. The compound is orally active in the ferret and dog, long-lasting, and warrants further investigation as a potential broad-spectrum anti-emetic agent.
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PMID:GR205171: a novel antagonist with high affinity for the tachykinin NK1 receptor, and potent broad-spectrum anti-emetic activity. 887 35

1. The anti-emetic effects of the NK1 tachykinin receptor antagonist, CP 99,994 (10 mg kg-1) were investigated in the ferret using a cisplatin-induced acute (day 1) and delayed (day 2 and 3) retching and vomiting model. 2. With a single cisplatin (10 mg kg-1) emetogenic challenge, the i.p. administration of CP 99,994 given as a single injection immediately following the first emetic episode, promptly abolished the retching and vomiting for a 4 h period. CP 99,994 was as efficacious as ondansetron (1.0 mg kg-1). The general toxicity of cisplatin 10 mg kg-1 precluded its use in studies of delayed emesis. 3. With a single cisplatin (5 mg kg-1) emetogenic challenge, the single administration of either CP 99,994 (10 mg kg-1) or ondansetron (1.0 mg kg-1) immediately following the first emetic episode markedly reduced or abolished the retching and vomiting for 4 h. Such single treatments failed to modify significantly the intensity of delayed emesis appearing on the second and third day. 4. With a cisplatin (5 mg kg-1) emetogenic challenge, administration of CP 99,994 (10 mg kg-1) at 8 hourly intervals, the first injection being administered 30 s post cisplatin, was associated with 4 or more abolitions of emesis during both the acute and delayed phase. A 4 hourly administration of CP 99,994 for 20 h during delayed emesis completely abolished the retching and vomiting. 5. It is concluded that cisplatin 5 mg kg-1 provides an emetogenic challenge causing an acute and delayed phase of retching and vomiting and that CP 99,994 can abolish both phases. The results may be relevant to the understanding and treatment of chemotherapy-induced emesis in man.
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PMID:The action of the NK1 tachykinin receptor antagonist, CP 99,994, in antagonizing the acute and delayed emesis induced by cisplatin in the ferret. 892 42

Though antiemetic therapy has improved markedly in the past 15 years, patients still regard nausea and vomiting as two of the most distressing adverse events during chemotherapy. A major progress was the development of the serotonin3 (5-HT3) receptor antagonists. A possible antiemetic effect, achieved by interference with the "serotonergic system", is not restricted to antagonism at 5-HT3 receptors, however, but also includes agonism at 5-HT1A and 5-HT2 receptors, and serotonin synthesis inhibitors. The number of receptors thought to be involved in the emetic reflex has been augmented by neurokinin1 receptors with substance P as the preferred ligand. Animal studies have demonstrated a broad antiemetic profile of substance P antagonists. The somatostatin analogue octreotide has an antiemetic effect in patients with gastrointestinal obstruction, but has not been investigated against chemotherapy-induced emesis. The next few years will disclose, whether the efficacy and safety profiles of one or more of these drugs will make it clinically useful in the treatment of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting.
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PMID:New perspectives in antiemetic treatment. 896 71


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