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Query: UMLS:C0042963 (vomiting)
 31,883 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In 10 healthy men, we have compared the respective effects of an intravenous injection of glucagon (1 mg) and an oral glucose load (75 G) in eliciting the release of C-peptide and insulin from the pancreas. Serum C-peptide and insulin concentrations increased respectively to median values of 190% and 500% at 6 minutes after glucagon injection, and 344% and 794% at 30 minutes and 268% and 278% at 60 minutes following glucose ingestion. The oral glucose load was as effective as glucagon injection in testing beta cell function and was free from the unpleasant side effects (nausea, vomiting, syncope) commonly associated with glucagon. We conclude that oral glucose loading is probably the test of choice to elicit C-peptide release when screening populations of normal subjects for adequacy of beta cell function.
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PMID:Comparison of oral glucose loading and intravenous glucagon injection as stimuli to C-peptide secretion in normal men. 295 15

Bulimia patients claim to crave sweets and since as clinical evidence suggests that the food consumed during eating binges often contains large amounts of carbohydrates, hormones involved in carbohydrate metabolism might be affected in bulimia. We therefore performed a 4-hr glucose tolerance test (GTT), using 100 g oral glucose and inquired about attitudes toward sweets. Thirteen female patients, with a mean age of 23.3 years, who had had bulimia from 3 to 7 years but whose binge-eating/vomiting behavior was largely controlled at the time of testing, were compared to 14 age-matched healthy female controls with a mean age of 24.4 years. All bulimic patients and most controls had liked sweets as children and still liked sweets. Significantly more bulimic patients than controls stated they overate on sweets and avoided sweets. Glucose utilization and the insulin, glucagon, growth hormone (GH), and pancreatic polypeptide (PP) response curves in the bulimic patients were within the normal range. Fasting plasma levels of glucose, insulin, glucagon, GH, cortisol, free fatty acids (FFA), and PP were not different from controls. There was a trend in bulimic patients to have lower plasma FFA levels and higher plasma cortisol levels during the GTT than controls. The findings suggest that, given body weight maintenance and adequate nutrition, patients with bulimia nervosa have normal glucose tolerance and normal hormonal responses following an oral glucose load.
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PMID:Hormone and metabolite plasma levels after oral glucose in bulimia and healthy controls. 304 27

The response of plasma growth hormone and cortisol to the intramuscular injection of 1 mg glucagon was used to assess anterior pituitary function in a group of 97 normal subjects (23 men, 74 women). Ninety-three subjects (96%) responded with a peak GH of at least 8 ng/mL, and 89 (92%) had either a peak cortisol of at least 500 nmol/L (18 micrograms/dL) or a maximal increment in plasma cortisol of at least 250 nmol/L (9 micrograms/dL) above the baseline. In 12 subjects, a second test showed that the responses were reproducible. A greater proportion of subjects over the age of 50 failed to achieve a peak GH of 10 ng/mL (7 of 20, 35%) compared to those who were either under 30 (1 of 37, 2.7%) or between 30 and 50 (4 of 40, 10%) (chi 2 = 12.85, P less than .005). GH responses were not affected by sex or elevation of the basal level of GH. In contrast, cortisol responses were smaller in men and in individuals with high basal cortisol levels but were not affected by age. Mild nausea in approximately 30% of subjects (29 of 97), and transient vomiting and retching in approximately 10% (10 of 97) were the only side effects that were noted. Glucagon is therefore a safe and reliable alternative to insulin-induced hypoglycemia for the assessment of both somatotrophic and corticotrophic function.
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PMID:Intramuscular glucagon as a provocative stimulus for the assessment of pituitary function: growth hormone and cortisol responses. 360 Feb 80

The effect of glucagon administered as a bolus (1 mg) followed by a continuous infusion (2 mg/h) for 8 h and a placebo was compared in 37 adults with urographically demonstrated ureteral calculi less than 6 mm. The bolus injection was given 20 min after start of intravenous urography, and the infusion was initiated immediately afterwards. No effect on pain relief or passage of calculi was found. Nausea and/or vomiting were recorded significantly more frequently in patients who had glucagon than in patients who had the placebo. It is concluded that glucagon is of no value in acute ureteral colic.
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PMID:Glucagon in acute ureteral colic. A randomized trial. 394 97

Two cases of severe beta-blocker overdose are presented that were treated successfully with glucagon therapy. The effects of glucagon in reversing the cardiovascular depression of profound beta-blockade, including its mechanism of action, onset and duration of action, dosage and administration, cost and availability, and side effects are reviewed. Medical complications of beta-blocker overdose include hypotension, bradycardia, heart failure, impaired atrioventricular conduction, bronchospasm and, occasionally, seizures. Atropine and isoproterenol have been inconsistent in reversing the bradycardia and hypotension of beta-blocker overdose. Glucagon increases heart rate and myocardial contractility, and improves atrioventricular conduction. These effects are unchanged by the presence of beta-receptor blocking drugs. This suggests that glucagon's mechanism of action may bypass the beta-adrenergic receptor site. Because it may bypass the beta-receptor site, glucagon can be considered as an alternative therapy for profound beta-blocker intoxications. The doses of glucagon required to reverse severe beta-blockade are 50 micrograms/kg iv loading dose, followed by a continuous infusion of 1-15 mg/h, titrated to patient response. Glucagon-treated patients should be monitored for side effects of nausea, vomiting, hypokalemia, and hyperglycemia. The high cost and limited availability of glucagon may be the only factors precluding its future clinical acceptance.
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PMID:Glucagon therapy for beta-blocker overdose. 614 98

Although the incidence of obesity in the domesticated dog is high, few studies have investigated the regulation of food intake in this species. In the present study we investigated the response of the dog to a number of putative satiety agents including cholecystokinin (CCK), bombesin, calcitonin and naloxone. CCK significantly suppressed food intake during a scheduled fifteen minute meal in intact dogs and in dogs receiving total subdiaphragmatic vagotomies. Emesis occurred following injection of higher doses of CCK in most dogs. Bombesin and calcitonin reduced intake in both normal and vagotomized dogs, although higher doses of calcitonin were needed to significantly suppress feeding in vagotomized dogs compared with intact animals. Naloxone reduced feeding by as much as 60% in intact and vagotomized animals. Glucagon suppressed feeding in intact dogs, but not in vagotomized animals. Somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide did not alter food intake. Thus the domesticated dog responds somewhat differently to some neuropeptides compared with the laboratory rat stressing the importance of examining the regulation of food intake across species.
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PMID:Peptidergic regulation of feeding in the dog (Canis familiaris). 614 23

The effects of four premedication regimes on clinical variables regarded as important in upper gastrointestinal endoscopy were evaluated in a double-blind randomized study. The drug combinations were diazepam/glucagon, diazepam/atropine, pethidine/glucagon, and pethidine/atropine. No significant difference was observed among the combinations of regimes or between diazepam and pethidine or between glucagon and atropine with regard to the variables duration of examination, vomiting, secretion and maximal pyloric opening. Pethidine was more effective than diazepam in reducing salivation and pyloric reflux. Glucagon was more effective than atropine in reducing motility and reflux and was also superior to atropine with regard to diagnostic accuracy. Glucagon caused less subjective discomfort than atropine 2 h and 1 day after the investigation.
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PMID:Premedication in upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. A comparison of glucagon and atropine given in combination with diazepam and pethidine. 667 26

This study is a review of all cases of intussusception from December 1971 to December 1981 at the Erlanger Medical Center in Chattanooga. Only 24 cases were found. A disproportionate number of patients were white (92%). The male to female ratio was 2 to 1. There was no regular seasonal variation. Several patients were below the third percentile in weight for their ages. The most common signs and symptoms were vomiting, pain, and bleeding per rectum. The occurrence of anatomic lead points was high, and the success rate for hydrostatic reductions was low. The use of glucagon before barium enema increased the success rate of hydrostatic reduction by 75%, from four successful reductions to seven of 20 attempts.
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PMID:Intussusception: a case review. 670 21

1. Several investigators have found that the development of post-exercise ketosis is not counteracted by glucose ingestion. Post-exercise ketosis might therefore have more in common with diabetic ketoacidosis than with starvation ketosis. 2. The effects of ingesting 100 g of glucose, alanine or starch were therefore studied in subjects rendered hyperketonaemic by prolonged running on a low carbohydrate diet, or by 65 h of starvation. These substances were also ingested by normal post-prandial subjects. 3. The runners developed post-exercise ketosis (1.81 +/- S.D. 0.81 mmol/l), which was counteracted by alanine and glucose, but only minimally by starch. 4. Fasting caused a variable ketosis (2.19 +/- S.D. 1.63 mmol/l), also counteracted by glucose and less by starch, but alanine caused vomiting. 5. Glucose and alanine lowered the blood ketone body levels of the post-prandial subjects. 6. The rising ketone body levels in starvation and after exercise were accompanied by simultaneous increases in the plasma insulin/glucagon ratios; in both, glucose ingestion increased the ratio further, while alanine decreased it. 7. It is concluded that there is no essential difference between established post-exercise and starvation ketosis, and that the blood fuel-hormone changes do not correlate with the changes in blood ketone body concentrations.
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PMID:The effects of alanine, glucose and starch ingestion on the ketosis produced by exercise and by starvation. 705 Mar 44

A young, diabetic woman suffering from fainting spells, vomiting, and diarrhea is described. Extensive investigations showed total cardiac denervation, orthostatic hypotension, and disturbances in the the pupillary and sudomotor functions, as well as impairment of glucagon secretion during hypoglycemia. These disturbances were found to be caused by autonomic neuropathy. No signs of peripheral neuropathy could be detected. To the best of our knowledge this is the second case of total cardiac denervation due to diabetic neuropathy described in the literature.
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PMID:Cardiac denervation and other multisystem manifestations caused by isolated autonomic neuropathy in a young diabetic patient. 743 22


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