Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0042963 (vomiting)
 31,883 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Cisplatin-containing chemotherapy regimens are known to produce intense nausea and vomiting. Angiotensin II (AII) and vasopressin (AVP) have been shown to have emetic properties. The role of these two peptides on cisplatin-induced vomiting was investigated in beagle dogs. Cisplatin (2 mg/kg, IV over 5 min) produced consistent emesis in all dogs after a mean latency time of 144 +/- 4 min. Serum Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) and plasma AII levels did not significantly change 3 hr after cisplatin administration (at the time of nausea and emesis) in control animals. AVP levels rose from 0.3 pg/ml to 7.5 pg/ml 3 hrs after cisplatin. Complete inhibition of ACE with enalapril (given at 3 mg/kg p.o., 3 hrs prior to cisplatin) reduced AII levels by 70%, but failed to significantly modify the increase in AVP levels (7.2 +/- 2.2 pg/ml), the latency time to emesis (149 +/- 2 min) and the number of emetic episodes induced by cisplatin. These results suggest that AII does not mediate cisplatin-induced emesis, nor does it mediate the increase in AVP observed at the time of emesis. We propose that AVP may be a good marker for nausea and emesis, and that increases in AVP may be neurally-mediated. The large increase in circulating AVP may represent a desirable water conservation response in anticipation of fluid losses induced by vomiting.
 ...
PMID:Role of angiotensin II and vasopressin in cisplatin-induced emesis. 231 91

Desmopressin (DDAVP), a synthetic vasopressin, temporarily corrects bleeding abnormalities associated with mild hemophilia A, von Willebrand disease, and disorders of platelet function. The side effects of DDAVP are considered benign although most of its use has been in adults and older children. We report four children under the age of 2 years who became hyponatremic after intravenous DDAVP administration (0.3 microgram/kg). Three of them developed grand mal seizures. A review of the literature and these cases indicate that associated risk factors for hyponatremia after DDAVP administration include stress, surgery, anesthesia and narcotics (endogenous release of antidiuretic hormone), vomiting (loss of Na+), liver disease (hindered metabolism of DDAVP), renal tubular acidosis (chronically low serum Na+), multiple doses of DDAVP, and overhydration with hyponatremic fluids. DDAVP is not a benign drug in this age group and shows a serious potential for hyponatremia and seizures. Fluid restriction, avoidance of hyponatremic solutions, and close monitoring of serum electrolytes and urine output for at least 15-20 hr after the administration of DDAVP, when used in children under the age of 2 years, is warranted.
 ...
PMID:Hyponatremia and seizures in young children given DDAVP. 250 Aug 51

Six new cases of psychogenic water intoxication are discussed in the light of 150 observations published in the literature since 1935. 87% of all patients were schizophrenic, and 13% had other psychoses and a variety of functional and organic psychopathies. Psychogenic polydipsia is a prerequisite of psychogenic water intoxication. Water intake either overrides an intact osmoregulation (46% of all cases) or, allied to an inadequate urinary dilutional capacity (54%), leads to a transitory, sometimes repeated, and (in 8% of all cases) lethal water intoxication and hypoosmolality. - The consequence of hypoosmolality is metabolic encephalopathy, with agitation, convulsions and coma as its most common symptoms. Profuse diuresis, enuresis and urinary retention, gastric dilatation, watery vomiting and watery diarrhea are diagnostically helpful symptoms of polydipsia typically denied by the patients. Hypoosmolality/hyponatremia are the hallmarks of water intoxication. However, fewer than 50% of all patients present with the expected maximal urinary dilution. Inadequate ADH activity and increased sensitivity of the renal tubule to antidiuretic hormone are the pathogenetic factors in this inappropriate urinary dilution, while psychosis, psychotropic drugs, diuretics, nicotine and alcohol withdrawal are possible causes and cofactors of polydipsia and inadequate urinary dilution. New aspects of treatment are discussed.
 ...
PMID:[Psychogenic water intoxication]. 264 58

With the development of sensitive and specific radio-immunoassays to measure the low circulating concentrations of vasopressin there has been a quantum leap in our understanding of the physiological processes involved in the regulation of its secretion. The results of Verney's pioneering studies in dogs led to the concept of 'osmoreceptors'. It is now appreciated that osmoregulation of vasopressin release is of principal importance in the maintenance of water balance. Functional characteristics of the osmoregulatory system have been defined clearly by independent laboratories, and more recently the physiological influences that can subtly alter this very finely controlled system have been described. Non-osmotic factors that release vasopressin have been recognized for many years. Secretion of vasopressin in response to haemodynamic influences has been characterized, and significant hypotension and/or hypovolaemia are potent stimuli to hormone release. Other non-osmotic factors--nausea/emesis, hypoglycaemia--may play important roles in disturbances of water balance. Vasopressin should not, however, be regarded as a stress hormone, since recent careful studies in a variety of species indicate that secretion is not enhanced following a series of different noxious stimuli.
 ...
PMID:Regulation of vasopressin secretion. 269 40

Amelioration of cisplatin (CDDP)-induced vomiting and anorexia by methylprednisolone (MP) was studied using conscious dogs. The incidence of vomiting was 88.9% and the mean number of emetic episodes was 8.22 +/- 1.25/dog during 5 hours after i.v. administration of 1.5 mg/kg CDDP in 9 dogs. In control dogs, food intake on the day after administration of CDDP was markedly reduced to 60 +/- 22.4 g/day from 461 +/- 23 g. Continuous high-dose infusion of MP (10 mg/kg, 10 min before the start of CDDP infusion and 50 mg/kg/h for 5 h) markedly reduced the incidence (33%) and mean number of vomiting episodes (2.00 +/- 1.51/dog) and also mitigated the reduction of food intake (350 +/- 30.6 g/day). However, continuous low-dose infusion of MP (5 mg/kg, 10 min before CDDP infusion and 16.6 mg/kg/h for 5 h) showed a little effect on CDDP-induced vomiting. Plasma MP levels after the high-dose and the low-dose regimens were 6.20 +/- 0.628 micrograms/ml and 4.66 +/- 1.72 micrograms/ml, respectively, 30 min after CDDP infusion. In both cases, MP levels gradually increased and reached to those more than twice 5 hours after CDDP infusion. Bolus administrations of MP (30 mg/kg, each time) 2 hr and 30 min before CDDP infusion also significantly reduced the mean number of emetic episodes (3.22 +/- 1.33/dog) and mitigated the reduction of food intake (325 +/- 37.3 g/day). No significant changes in catecholamines, prostaglandins, vasopressin, plasma renin activity, Na+, K+, Mg++ and osmolality in peripheral blood were noted after administration of CDDP and/or MP. The results suggest that administration of MP was effective against CDDP-induced vomiting and anorexia in dogs.
 ...
PMID:[Amelioration of cisplatin-induced vomiting and anorexia by methylprednisolone]. 271 80

Metoclopramide was orally administered (10 or 20 mg) to 22 subjects, 75 min before parabolic flight. Serum levels of ACTH, EPI, NE, and vasopressin (AVP) were unaltered by metoclopramide. AVP and ACTH (1.2 and 36 pg.ml-1) were elevated 77 and 3.8-fold (92.3 and 135 pg.ml-1) following emesis, after 40 parabolas (68.7 and 140 pg.ml-1) and landing (8.7 and 79 pg.ml-1). Seven subjects displaying no nausea and no emesis demonstrated smaller elevations (8.2 and 2.2-fold). Of 15 vomiting subjects, 7 reported no nausea and had lower elevations of AVP with faster recoveries. These findings are consistent with Rowe's suggestion (1979) that nausea may correlate with AVP release. Inhibition of AVP release by fluid shifts during microgravity might account for our findings and astronaut-reported episodes of vomiting without nausea. Elevations in EPI followed emesis or exposure to 40 parabolas whether emesis occurred or not. Only emesis elevated NE (578 to 840 pg.ml-1).
 ...
PMID:Hormonal responses of metoclopramide-treated subjects experiencing nausea or emesis during parabolic flight. 282 88

Exogenous administration of cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK) is known to decrease food intake and slow gastric emptying in humans and animals. Recent studies have shown that CCK stimulates neurohypophyseal secretion of oxytocin (OT) in rats and arginine vasopressin (AVP) in monkeys, and that gastric distention also stimulates OT release in rats. We therefore studied AVP and OT secretion in 14 normal subjects in response to meal-induced gastric distention and administration of CCK, both separately and in combination, to assess whether these stimuli similarly activated central neurohypophyseal pathways in humans. Neither plasma AVP nor OT concentrations increased after gastric distention produced by ingestion of a large meal. However, a dose-related increase in plasma AVP, but not OT levels, occurred after CCK administration, the threshold CCK dose being 0.05 micrograms/kg body weight. The AVP secretion in response to CCK administration was significantly correlated with subjective aversive symptoms quantified by use of a numeric scale (r = 0.61, P less than 0.001). In 12 of the 14 subjects plasma AVP levels increased in association with symptoms of epigastric pressure and discomfort before the onset of overt nausea or emesis. The combination of CCK and meal-induced gastric distention did not stimulate increases in plasma AVP levels in excess of those produced by CCK administration alone. The results demonstrate that AVP secretion resulting from emetic center activation often is a graded response that can begin in association with milder degrees of visceral discomfort before symptoms of overt nausea or emesis. In addition, the stimulation of AVP secretion by CCK administration, but not by meal-induced gastric distention in association with physiological satiety, suggests that some component of the anorectic effects of exogenous CCK in man likely results from activation of brainstem emetic centers.
 ...
PMID:Neurohypophyseal secretion in response to cholecystokinin but not meal-induced gastric distention in humans. 292 13

One of the important factors in outer space is the absence of gravity (OG). During longterm missions, this factor is responsible for the larger number of anatomical and physiological changes that astronauts experience. The cardiovascular system undergoes these changes with severe intensity, which is part of an adaptation process to the new environmental conditions. The modifications observed in both the anatomy of the cardiovascular system and its hemodynamics occur in two phases. The first phase begins when the astronauts enter into Earth orbit or in interplanetary trajectory and extends until the second or fourth day of the mission. It is characterized by an important shifting of fluids from the lower extremities to the cephalic regions which produces an increase of the venous return and the preload, the heart rate is increased, the blood volume in the thorax is also increased, the cardiac chambers become dilated, and by reflex action, the antidiuretic hormone diminishes, diuresis increases and leads to a virtual state of dehydration. Clinically, the first stage is manifested by headache, dizziness, space disorientation, nausea, anorexia, projectile vomiting, sweating and pallor. This constalation of data is known as "The Space Adaptation Syndrome". The second phase begins at the end of the first phase and finishes toward the fortieth or fiftieth day of the mission.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:[Behavior of the cardiovascular system in outer space]. 295 26

Administration of lithium chloride and copper sulfate to adult monkeys caused marked elevations in plasma vasopressin (AVP) levels without significant increases in plasma oxytocin (OT) levels. Emesis was produced in five of the seven animals given these agents, in support of nausea as the main stimulus to AVP release. A similar pattern of AVP release without OT release was found after administration of cholecystokinin (CCK). Although most monkeys vomited in response to 10 micrograms/kg of CCK, a significant increase in plasma AVP levels also was produced with a dose of 1 microgram/kg, which did not produce emesis in any animal. These findings are in marked contrast with previous results in rats, which indicated that lithium chloride, copper sulfate, and CCK each stimulated OT rather than AVP release. Despite this interspecies difference, the significant neurohypophysial hormone secretion in response to both nausea-producing agents and CCK suggests that AVP secretion in monkeys, similar to OT secretion in rats, might reflect activation of central pathways mediating nausea and/or inhibition of food intake, even when overt illness is not produced.
 ...
PMID:Vasopressin release in response to nausea-producing agents and cholecystokinin in monkeys. 303 8

Endothelin is a recently discovered vasoconstrictor peptide that is synthesized in certain vascular endothelial cells. We have identified the cardiovascular, renal, and hormonal responses that can be elicited in conscious dogs by intravenous administration of endothelin at rates of 10 and 30 ng.kg-1.min-1 for 60 min (0.24 and 0.72 nmol.kg-1/1-h infusion). Each dose of endothelin increased total peripheral resistance, arterial pressure, and left atrial pressure and decreased heart rate and cardiac output. Hematocrit increased by 4.8% (NS) and 22.9% (P less than 0.01) in response to the lower and higher infusion rates, respectively. Urinary sodium excretion, urine osmolality, and osmolar clearance decreased and free water clearance increased. The lower dose of endothelin decreased plasma norepinephrine and increased plasma atriopeptin. The higher dose increased plasma levels of vasopressin, renin, aldosterone, norepinephrine, epinephrine, and atriopeptin. The higher infusion rate of the peptide caused one or more brief vomiting episodes in four of five dogs. Although it is not yet known whether endothelin is a circulating hormone, it is clear that this peptide is capable of causing profound cardiovascular, renal, and endocrine alterations in conscious dogs. The possible relevance of these observations to physiological processes and to pathological conditions such as hypertension remains to be established.
 ...
PMID:Cardiovascular, renal, and endocrine responses to intravenous endothelin in conscious dogs. 305 28


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>