Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0042963 (vomiting)
 31,883 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Young, healthy outpatients (100) undergoing restorative dentistry and/or oral surgery under enfluranenitrous oxide-oxygen anaesthesia were given 0.014 mg/kg of droperidol or a saline placebo i.v. in a double-blind random fashion 5 min after induction of anaesthesia to prevent postoperative nausea and vomiting. Overall, less patients given droperidol were nauseated (18%) or vomited (7%) in comparison with patients given saline (27% and 11%, respectively). During the first postoperative hour, 4% of patients given droperidol were nauseated and 2% vomited, whereas 16% of patients given saline were nauseated and 6% vomited. Four patients given saline were not discharged from the clinic 1 h after anaesthesia owing to prolonged nausea and vomiting. The time elapsed until the patients were oriented as to time and place after cessation of enflurane and nitrous oxide administration was similar in both groups (mean +/- s.d., 13.5 +/- 4.7 min). Thirty minutes after anaesthesia, the ability to walk on a straight line was significantly (P less than 0.001) worse in patients given droperidol as compared to patients given saline. After 60 min, only one patient given droperidol and four patients who received saline and vomited took side steps or were unable to walk. Psychomotor performance was significantly (P less than 0.05) better in a perceptual speed test both 30 and 60 min after anaesthesia in patients receiving saline as compared to those given droperidol. It is concluded that although droperidol is a less effective antiemetic after outpatient than after inpatient enflurane anaesthesia, small doses of droperidol may be used for outpatients prone to vomiting to prevent delayed discharge from the clinic due to prolonged vomiting.
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PMID:Effect of a small dose of droperidol on nausea, vomiting and recovery after outpatient enflurane anaesthesia. 401 24

Divers breathing compressed air are restricted to 45 m depth because of the narcotic effects of nitrogen and toxic action of oxygen at increased pressures. Substitution of oxygen-helium for compressed air has permitted divers to reach 600 m. However, at depths greater than 160 m, signs and symptoms of the high pressure nervous syndrome (h.p.n.s.) occur, with tremors, myoclonic jerking, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, somnolence, e.e.g. changes, dyspnoea, and poor sleep with nightmares. It has been the objective of this Laboratory to ameliorate the symptoms of pressure-induced h.p.n.s. by the addition of small amounts of 'narcotic' nitrogen to the oxygen-helium mixture to form the Trimix breathing gas. In 1973, comparative experiments with oxygen-helium and the same divers, during compressions in only 33 min to 219.5 m and 305 m, showed such Trimix to be effective with 10% (by volume) nitrogen. Simulated dives, termed ATLANTIS, have been made with Trimix over the last 4 years to depths in excess of 610 m for 11 days, 650 m for 4 days and 686 m for 1 day. The objectives were to determine the effects of either slow or rapid rates of compression, and either 5% or 10% (by volume) nitrogen in Heliox, on the presence of h.p.n.s. or nitrogen narcosis. Measurements were made of intellectual and psychomotor performance, electrophysiological function of the brain and reflexes, lung and cardiovascular function, including arterial gas analysis at rest and work, blood chemistry and psychiatric and psychological status. The results permit the conclusion that divers may be compressed safely to depths as great as 686 m. The technique requires a slow exponential compression over days, with frequent stages lasting 14 h or more, the use of 5-8% (by volume) nitrogen in Heliox and careful selection of the divers.
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PMID:Probing the limits of human deep diving. 614 71

A clinical trial of a 50:50 mixture of nitrous oxide and oxygen for pain relief was carried out to determine the feasibility of its use in a field setting and the side-effects produced by this sedative/analgesic. The gas mixture was delivered from a single-tank system using a demand-valve apparatus which was triggered by the patient's inspiratory effort. This "patient-controlled" sedation/analgesia was provided to 1243 patients over a period of 18 months. Of the 1201 patients evaluated, 20.6% reported minor side-effects consisting of nausea or vomiting (5.7%), dizziness or lightheadedness (10.3%), excitement (3.7%), and numbness (0.3%). Ninety-one (7.6%) patients became drowsy or fell into a light sleep but all were readily aroused by verbal command. All retained the ability to cough or swallow on command. No consistent or clinically adverse changes were found in BP or pulse rates. The trial supports the concept that this agent is a promising sedative/analgesic for the relief of mild to moderate pain and anxiety. Because of its safety, it is particularly suited to use in prehospital emergency care.
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PMID:Patient-controlled inhalational analgesia in prehospital care: a study of side-effects and feasibility. 635 85

Sulmazol (AR-L 115 BS) is a new positively inotropic drug with arterial and venous vasodilating properties. We studied the effects of sulmazol (three-day infusion) on clinical tolerance, hemodynamics, and blood gas levels in ten patients with severe chronic heart failure. The hemodynamic monitoring included a Swan-Ganz catheter in the pulmonary artery and a radial catheter. Blood gas levels were determined on samples of arterial and mixed venous blood. After 24 hours of infusion, there was a significant increase in cardiac index (2 to 2.5 L/min/sq m; p less than 0.005) and a significant decrease in pulmonary wedge pressure (28 to 19 mm Hg; p less than 0.001) and in right atrial pressure (7 to 4 mm Hg; p less than 0.001) without significant changes in heart rate and systolic blood pressure. These beneficial effects lasted during the three days of infusion. Oxygen delivery was significantly increased (350 to 443 ml/min/sq m; p less than 0.005) without significant change in arterial oxygen tension. The side effects included nausea, vomiting, anorexia, and mild thrombocytopenia. We conclude that sulmazol is a potent drug which may improve severely deteriorated left and right ventricular function in patients with chronic refractory heart failure without affecting the heart rate and the systolic blood pressure.
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PMID:Hemodynamic and clinical response to three-day infusion of sulmazol (AR-L 115 BS) in severe congestive heart failure. 641 36

Eighty unpremedicated female patients undergoing short gynaecological procedures were randomly allocated to four groups and received either alfentanil or fentanyl (double-blind), together with Althesin-oxygen or methohexitone-nitrous oxide'-oxygen. Recovery from anaesthesia was assessed using the post-box test and the deletion of p. There was a significantly greater frequency of vomiting after operation (P less than 0.05) with methohexitone compared with Althesin and with fentanyl compared with alfentanil, and a significantly greater frequency of pain on injection (P less than 0.001) with methohexitone compared with Althesin. The alfentanil groups completed the post-box test significantly earlier after operation than the fentanyl groups (P less than 0.05). We conclude that alfentanil may offer a significant advantage over fentanyl as an analgesic supplement to i.v. anaesthesia for short procedures.
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PMID:Alfentanil-supplemented anaesthesia for short procedures. A double-blind comparison with fentanyl. 643 Mar 11

Analgesia with nitrous oxide and oxygen (Entonox) has been found to give adequate pain relief for 90 minor casualty procedures in over 90% of cases at moderate altitude. It was self administered except in six patients. Children between 6 and 10 years of age comprised 14% of patients, and the majority of the remainder were young adults. Additional analgesia was required in 11 patients, with no increase in complications. Complications were few; drowsiness occurred in 9%, dizziness was troublesome in one patient, but there was no nausea or vomiting and no one became unconscious. In situations where trained personnel are scarce, and where supervision can only be given at the time of the procedure and even at moderate altitudes Entonox is a clinically effective safe analgesic.
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PMID:Entonox for casualties at 1000 m: use of nitrous oxide analgesia in Nigeria at moderate altitude. 650 31

The aim of this study was to evaluate the dental treatments under nitrous oxide-oxygen sedation carried out during 1 yr by the first 45 Swedish dentists trained at probationary courses in the use of the technique. Special emphasis was placed on evaluating the risk and incidence of side effects. Data from 1719 treatment sessions in 823 patients, mainly children, were analyzed. Standardized sedation technique was used and the maximum level of nitrous oxide administered was set at 60%. About 90% of the patients showed excellent or fair acceptance. Factors influencing the acceptance were the patient's age, history of psychiatric disorders, mental retardation and occurrence of side effects. In 4.5% of the treatment sessions the patient experienced side effects, e.g. restlessness, vomiting or nausea, during treatment and in 0.9% after the treatment session. The side effects were mainly mild. No correlation was found between side effects and the nitrous oxide concentration used, length of treatment, patient's age or health classification. It is concluded that nitrous oxide-oxygen sedation is an excellent and safe aid to dental care.
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PMID:Nitrous oxide-oxygen sedation in dental care. 658 Sep 99

The intraoperative and postoperative effects of fentanyl and ketamine administered continuously by infusion were compared with those produced by conventional intermittent bolus administration in 100 patients. After a standardized induction with thiopental 4 mg/kg intravenously, patients received either fentanyl (50 micrograms boluses vs. 2 micrograms/ml infusion) or ketamine (25 mg boluses vs. 1 mg/ml infusion) as intravenous adjuvants to nitrous oxide, 70% in oxygen. With continuous infusion, the doses of fentanyl and ketamine required were decreased 45% and 43%, respectively. Similarly, the times to awakening were decreased significantly, 62% and 60%, in the fentanyl and ketamine infusion groups, respectively. Intraoperative side effects (e.g., hypoventilation, hypotension, rigidity) were less frequent in the fentanyl infusion (vs. bolus) group but did not differ in the ketamine groups. Trieger scores were consistent with a more rapid recovery in both infusion groups. Incidences of common postoperative side effects (e.g., nausea, vomiting, visual disturbances, dizziness) did not differ significantly between bolus and infusion groups. However, excessive sedation was noted in 48% and 52% of patients in the fentanyl and ketamine bolus groups, respectively, compared with 4% and 8%, respectively, in the infusion groups. Discharge times were decreased by 29% and 13% in the fentanyl and ketamine infusion groups, respectively. The author concludes that continuous infusion fentanyl (0.1 micrograms . kg-1 . min-1) or ketamine (50 micrograms . kg-1 . min-1) significantly decreases the drug dosage requirement, improves intraoperative conditions, and decreases recovery time compared with the traditional intermittent bolus technique.
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PMID:Use of continuous infusion versus intermittent bolus administration of fentanyl or ketamine during outpatient anesthesia. 661 39

The clinical features and necropsy findings are described for seven trekkers in the Himalayas whose deaths were related to high altitude. The fatal outcome was due to serious pulmonary and cerebral disease. Oedema of the lungs and brain was prominent but so was thrombosis and haemorrhage, features of acute mountain sickness that have received insufficient recognition in the past. Most of the men were middle aged. Some began their trekking soon after flying to high altitude before becoming acclimatised and some remained at high altitude or climbed even higher despite the development of vomiting, breathlessness, and exhaustion. In one case death occurred despite prompt recognition and treatment of symptoms by administration of oxygen and swift evacuation to low altitude.
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PMID:Altitude-related deaths in seven trekkers in the Himalayas. 662 17

We did a retrospective study to compare butorphanol with morphine for use in a balanced anesthetic technique with nitrous oxide, oxygen, and neuromuscular relaxants. Patient records were reviewed for preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative arterial blood gas values and vital signs; postoperative analgesia, nausea, vomiting, hallucinations, and dysphoria; and patient recall of the procedure. Patients in the butorphanol group proved to have less postoperative respiratory depression as determined by arterial carbon dioxide tension on arrival in the recovery room (42.8 mm Hg vs 51.1 mm Hg). The patients who received butorphanol also had less nausea (8.3% vs 44.4%) and less vomiting (8.3% vs 33.3%) than those given morphine. Neither group had any recall of procedure, hallucination, or dysphoria as determined by postoperative interview.
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PMID:Balanced anesthesia: a comparison of butorphanol and morphine. 670 85


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