Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0042963 (vomiting)
 31,883 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Mofezolac (N-22) is a new developed analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent. A subacute oral toxicity test of N-22 was carried out at dose-levels of 0, 2, 6 and 20 mg/kg/day using male and female beagle dogs. Treatment for 3 months was followed by 1 month recovery period except in the case of both sexes receiving 20 mg/kg/day. The results obtained from the present study were as follows. 1. Observation of general conditions revealed vomiting, sporadic bloody feces, anemia, recumbency and hyposthenia in both sexes receiving 20 mg/kg/day. Anemia or erosion of tongue was observed in each female receiving 6 mg/kg/day. 2. Respectively 3 dogs of both sexes receiving 20 mg/kg/day died during dosing period. In these animals, perforating ulcers were observed in the pars pylorica ventriculi or duodenum, and loss of blood, peritonitis and aggravation of general exhaustion were considered as causes of death. 3. Body weight tended to decrease in both sexes receiving 20 mg/kg/day, and food and water consumption levels decreased in males receiving 2 mg/kg/day or above and females receiving 2 mg/kg/day. 4. Urinalysis demonstrated an increasing tendency for specific gravity of urine and a decreasing tendency for urine volume in males receiving 2 mg/kg/day or above. 5. Hematological examination showed decreases in red blood cell count and Hb concentration in males receiving 2 mg/kg/day or above, and in Ht values in males receiving 6 mg/kg/day or above. 6. Serum biochemical examination revealed decreases in total protein and albumin in both sexes receiving 20 mg/kg/day. 7. There were no remarkable changes in hepatic and renal function, ophthalmological findings or electrocardiogram. 8. In the organ weights, significant decrease in thymus weights was observed in the dead animals receiving 20 mg/kg/day. 9. Pathologically, the dead animals receiving 20 mg/kg/day were found to exhibit peritonitis with perforating ulcers in the pars pylorica ventriculi or duodenum. In the surviving animals of this group, scar ulcers in the pars pylorica ventriculi and small intestine were evident on necropsy, and histopathology revealed neutrophils infiltration and thrombosis in blood vessels in the thickened submucosal stomach tissues. Moreover, localized hepatocyte necrosis and intrasinusoidal cellular infiltration in liver, as well as interstitial cellular infiltration, degeneration and dilatation of the renal tubules in the kidney were observed. In females receiving 6 mg/kg/day, the changes in kidney were similar to those in surviving animals receiving 20 mg/kg/day, and male of the group showed atrophy of thymus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:[Three-month subacute oral toxicity study of mofezolac (N-22) in dogs]. 223 95

Several hydrocarbons, including d-limonene, have been shown to produce a male-rat-specific nephrotoxicity that is manifested acutely as exacerbation of hyaline droplet formation. In a study to assess the presence or absence of this response in a non-rodent species, the dog was selected as a relevant model because of an earlier report suggesting that d-limonene may be nephrotoxic in this species. Five male and five female adult beagle dogs per treatment group were gavaged twice daily over a 6-month period with tap-water (control) or d-limonene at 0.12 or 1.2 ml/kg body weight/day (100 or 1000 mg/kg body weight/day). The highest daily dose was determined in a pilot study to be close to the maximum tolerated dose for emesis (ED50 1.6 ml/kg body weight). The test compound was administered in divided doses to minimize the incidence of emesis. Feed consumption and body weight were unaffected by treatment. Linear regression analyses indicated a positive dose-related trend for absolute and relative female kidney weight and relative male kidney weight. There were no histopathological changes in the kidneys, evaluated by both haematoxylin and eosin and Mallory-Heidenhain staining, that could be associated with the organ-weight changes. Furthermore, there was no evidence of hyaline droplet accumulation nor of any other sign of hydrocarbon-induced nephropathy typical of those seen in male rats treated with d-limonene. Thus, dogs are refractory to the hyaline droplet nephropathy observed in male rats, thereby providing additional evidence that the male rat kidney is uniquely sensitive to hydrocarbons like d-limonene, and that this specific male rat nephropathic response may be inappropriate for interspecies extrapolation and human risk assessment.
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PMID:Assessment of the subchronic oral toxicity of d-limonene in dogs. 227 95

Paraquat, a useful contact herbicide is now used in over 130 countries of the world, including Sri Lanka. The number of cases of accidental poisoning reported with paraquat is small, relative to instances of suicide. When a clear history is not available, accidental paraquat poisoning is sometimes difficult to diagnose. A 9-year-old boy was admitted to a peripheral hospital with a history of diarrhoea and vomiting. He later developed abdominal pain, subcutaneous emphysema and difficulty in breathing. Following transfer to a district hospital and then to a teaching hospital, poisoning with paraquat was suspected only on day 11 of the illness. On persistent questioning, on day 13 of the illness the child remembered that the day prior to the onset of illness, on his way from a shop, he felt thirsty and having found an empty bottle of Gramoxone (paraquat) on the wayside he used it to drink water from a water tank. The child died on day 17 and the histology of the lung showed typical changes of paraquat poisoning. This tragic episode emphasises the need for proper disposal of empty containers of all poisonous substances.
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PMID:An unusual case of fatal accidental paraquat poisoning. 230 5

Two college students developed symptoms of poisoning following ingestion of a salt solution during a college physiology laboratory exercise. Symptoms included nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and altered consciousness. The ingested solution was identified as isotonic buffered saline containing sodium azide in a concentration of 1.0 g/L. The solution was commercially prepared for instrumentation use only and was used inadvertently for the exercise instead of freshly preparing sodium chloride in water. One student drank three sips of the solution and survived. The other student drank 700 to 800 mL and over several days became progressively ill, suffering myocardial damage and cardiac dysrhythmias, and, finally, died. Toxicologic studies confirmed the presence of azide in an antemortem urine sample from the deceased. Sodium azide is an uncommon but potent poison which can cause serious illness and death.
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PMID:Death following accidental sodium azide ingestion. 231 59

Cisplatin-containing chemotherapy regimens are known to produce intense nausea and vomiting. Angiotensin II (AII) and vasopressin (AVP) have been shown to have emetic properties. The role of these two peptides on cisplatin-induced vomiting was investigated in beagle dogs. Cisplatin (2 mg/kg, IV over 5 min) produced consistent emesis in all dogs after a mean latency time of 144 +/- 4 min. Serum Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) and plasma AII levels did not significantly change 3 hr after cisplatin administration (at the time of nausea and emesis) in control animals. AVP levels rose from 0.3 pg/ml to 7.5 pg/ml 3 hrs after cisplatin. Complete inhibition of ACE with enalapril (given at 3 mg/kg p.o., 3 hrs prior to cisplatin) reduced AII levels by 70%, but failed to significantly modify the increase in AVP levels (7.2 +/- 2.2 pg/ml), the latency time to emesis (149 +/- 2 min) and the number of emetic episodes induced by cisplatin. These results suggest that AII does not mediate cisplatin-induced emesis, nor does it mediate the increase in AVP observed at the time of emesis. We propose that AVP may be a good marker for nausea and emesis, and that increases in AVP may be neurally-mediated. The large increase in circulating AVP may represent a desirable water conservation response in anticipation of fluid losses induced by vomiting.
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PMID:Role of angiotensin II and vasopressin in cisplatin-induced emesis. 231 91

A case of spontaneous oesophageal rupture or Boerhaave syndrome is described. The absence of the typical initial vomiting together with a clinical picture that successively indicated repeated myocardial infarction, pancreatitis and pulmonary abscess delayed diagnosis by 4 days, after which emergency thoracotomy, performed on the identification of extravisceral overflow by contrast radiography using a water-soluble medium, revealed necrotic inflammation of the oesophagus, mediastinum and left lung that was so severe that only thoracic drainage was possible. After an initial improvement the patient died of septic shock on the 16th postoperative day.
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PMID:[Spontaneous esophageal rupture or Boerhaave's syndrome. Presentation of a case]. 233 50

A new sulfate-free polyethylene glycol electrolyte lavage solution (SF-ELS) for colonoscopy was formulated to taste better and have less net water and electrolyte secretion and absorption than a standard polyethylene glycolelectrolyte lavage solution (PEG-ELS). At two centers, 157 patients were prospectively randomized to receive SF-ELS or PEG-ELS to assess adequacy of preparation, patient tolerance, weight changes, and various hematologic and biochemical parameters. Physician assessment of colon cleansing showed no difference between those patients receiving SF-ELS (N = 74) or PEG-ELS (N = 78). Eighty-two percent of all preps were found to be "clinically acceptable." Subjects receiving SF-ELS had significantly less fullness and cramps, while PEG-ELS subjects reported less nausea. There was no difference between groups for vomiting, overall discomfort, or willingness to repeat the preparation received. Eighty percent of all patients would repeat the randomized cleansing methods. There were no clinically significant changes in weight or assessed laboratory parameters, with the exception of potassium where PEG-ELS patients had an mean decrease of 0.22 mEq/liter vs. 0.01 mEq/liter for SF-ELS (p less than or equal to 0.01). Patient taste questionnaires in those patients expressing a preference showed a preference for SF-ELS (76.6%) over PEG-ELS (23.4%) (p less than or equal to 0.001). Thirty-two (22.5%) of total respondents indicated no preference. We conclude that SF-ELS when compared with PEG-ELS is similarly a safe and effective method of colon cleansing for colonoscopy that is well tolerated. Patients prefer the taste of the new solution.
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PMID:Comparison of a new sulfate-free polyethylene glycol electrolyte lavage solution versus a standard solution for colonoscopy cleansing. 236 14

During holidays in Suriname a six year old boy fell ill with high fever, general malaise, pain in the extremities and abdomen and vomiting. Because of a tentative diagnosis of acute rheumatism or bacterial enteritis amoxicillin and salicylates were started. After his return to the Netherlands an increased ESR and impaired renal and hepatic functions were found. The history revealed contact with sewage water. Further analysis established the diagnosis of Leptospirosis. This comparatively rare clinical entity, seldom mentioned in paediatric literature, is discussed.
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PMID:[A patient with fever and pain in the extremities]. 237 42

Patients with eating disorders often use diuretics to eliminate fluid to achieve lower body weight. Diuretic abuse can lead to severe hyponatremia. Central pontine myelinolysis, a disruption of the myelinated neurons of the pons, has been associated with rapid correction of severe hyponatremia. A case is presented of a 35-year-old woman who was brought to the emergency service by ambulance complaining of vomiting for 7 days and that she could not hear well because she was 'worn out'. Initial laboratory values included serum Na 91 mEq/l, K 1.6, Cl 46, bicarbonate 33, BUN 4 mg/dl, glucose 306 mg/dl. After 32 h of intravenous fluids, the serum Na was 126, K 4.0, Cl 89, bicarbonate 25, glucose 118 mg/dl. On the 3rd hospital day the serum Na was 139. On the 4th hospital day she was alert and appropriate. On the 5th hospital day, however, she was confabulating and chatty. The serum Na was 139. She progressed to develop a spastic quadriparesis, speech and swallowing difficulties. A magnetic resonance imaging scan showed central pontine myelinolysis. She acknowledged taking 400 mg daily of furosemide and drinking much water. She had a past history of anorexia nervosa. She had a residual weight phobia and strove to keep her weight below 106 lb. Her height was 5 feet, 6 inches. As illustrated by this case, diuretic abuse can cause severe hyponatremia and the subsequent risk of central pontine myelinolysis. In patients with severe chronic or subacute hyponatremia, a safe restoration rate for serum Na has been less than 0.55 mEq/l/h. Serum Na should be below 135 within the first 48 h and hypernatremia should be avoided.
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PMID:Diuretic abuse and central pontine myelinolysis. 248 85

The area postrema (AP) is being widely studied to delineate its role in such varied functions as blood pressure regulation, conditioned taste aversion, water and energy balance, and radiation-induced emesis. This paper describes the preoperative preparation, surgical procedure, and postoperative care of cats kept long-term in which the AP was lesioned by electrocautery. A dorsal midline approach under gas anesthesia allowed access to selectively lesion the AP. Cats fully regained consciousness the same day and many became homeostatic within 24-48 h. Results of experiments using this model demonstrate the usefulness and effectiveness of the technique for model preparation.
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PMID:Preparation and care of the area postrema-lesioned cat. 248 54


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