Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0042963 (vomiting)
 31,883 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Epidemiological studies on SRSVs, human calicivirus and astroviruses have been limited by the problems of establishing them in cell culture and the inability to transmit them to animals or to use strains from animals as a source of antigen for diagnostic tests. The use of EM and the subsequent development of RIAs and EIAs in a few research centres has shown that they are a cause of outbreaks and sporadic cases of diarrhoea and vomiting. SRSVs have increasingly been recognized as a major cause of outbreaks of gastroenteritis in the community and in hospital wards. The symptoms of illness are generally mild and of short duration and patients seldom require medical attention. However, because of the high attack rates and large numbers of persons of all age groups involved, there is often considerable economic loss and disruption of services. Evidence is accumulating that polluted water, molluscan shellfish, and contaminated cold foods are major sources of infection. Recently a SRSV has been shown to be the cause of epidemics and sporadic cases of waterborne enterically transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis (hepatitis E virus) which have occurred in the USSR, India, Mexico and Africa. Astroviruses and human caliciviruses are occasional causes of outbreaks of vomiting and diarrhoea in infants and the elderly which can necessitate the closure of hospital wards and cause considerable disruption. Symptoms are generally mild and of short duration and therefore the majority of cases are unlikely to be investigated by laboratories. Diagnosis of infections is at present limited to the few laboratories that have developed their own assays or have access to electronmicroscopy facilities.
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PMID:Human, small round structured viruses, caliciviruses and astroviruses. 196 28

Studies of "improved" oral rehydration solutions, in which glucose polymers (starch) derived from rice or other cereals were added to improve cotransport of sodium and to promote sodium and water absorption, have been reported. These solutions were administered to decrease diarrhea volume and duration, reduce vomiting, and replace volume loss in stools. In clinical trials of children and adults with high-output diarrhea, such as in cases of cholera, the use of cereal-based oral rehydration solutions (ORS) compared with glucose-based ORS produced significant (20% to 53%) reductions in stool volumes. In one study the duration of diarrhea was shortened by 30%. In noncholera diarrhea in children, cereal-based ORS was as effective as glucose-based ORS. Although the amino acid transport systems were intact in patients with cholera, the addition of glycine to glucose-based or rice-based ORS did not reduce stool volume or duration of diarrhea. The exception was alanine, which reduced stool output and ORS requirements. More research is needed to determine the optimal mix of starch, amino acids, oligopeptides, and proteins that would utilize the absorptive active transport systems maximally to reduce fluid losses and duration of diarrhea.
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PMID:Cereal-based oral rehydration therapy. I. Clinical studies. 200 59

Sulfate free-electrolyte lavage solution is a new osmotically balanced electrolyte gut lavage solution for colon surgery that has been formulated for improved taste and reduced water and electrolyte changes. Sixty patients were prospectively randomized to receive a 1-day preparation with sulfate free-electrolyte lavage solution or a 3-day preparation using a clear liquid diet, cathartics, and enemas. The patient groups were similar in age, race, male-female ratio, and the types of colonic resections performed. Colonic cleansing was better with sulfate free-electrolyte lavage solution (100% vs 63% "good" to "excellent" cleansing). Patient tolerance evaluated by a questionnaire showed more overall discomfort with sulfate free-electrolyte lavage solution but no difference between the preparations in individual symptoms of fullness, cramping, nausea, or vomiting. One patient developed a low level of serum potassium after a cathartic and enema preparation, while there were no complications with sulfate free-electrolyte lavage solution. Patient taste questionnaires showed a slight preference for sulfate free-electrolyte lavage solution (53%) over a polyethylene glycol electrolyte lavage solution (47%). This study confirms that sulfate free-electrolyte lavage solution is a safe and effective method of preoperative colonic cleansing.
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PMID:A new oral lavage solution vs cathartics and enema method for preoperative colonic cleansing. 202 32

In a phase I study the anthrapyrazole biantrazole (Warner-Lambert Company) was given to 41 patients with tumour refractory to existing therapy. The drug was given i.v. weekly for 3 weeks, with a 3-week interval between courses. At the 1st week a full pharmacokinetic study was performed, and at weeks 2 and 3, blood samples were taken at 1 and 6 h following treatment to check for drug accumulation. Biantrazole pharmacokinetics were linear with respect to the AUC (r = 0.924) over the full range of doses studied (4-36 mg/m2) but exhibited large inter-patient variations at each dose level. Elimination was triphasic, comprising two rapid early phases and a long terminal half-life (mean, 14.1 +/- 7.8 h). There was no evidence of drug accumulation over the 3-week treatment period. Approximately 12% of the parent drug was excreted unchanged in the urine together with two non-circulating, more water-soluble metabolites. Biantrazole was well tolerated but did cause moderate emesis at doses of greater than 18 mg/m2 and mild alopecia. The dose-limiting side effect was leucopenia, with no other major toxicity being observed. One patient developed biventricular failure that was not clearly related to biantrazole administration. On the present schedule, the recommended dose of biantrazole is 24 mg/m2. No response were seen in this patient population.
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PMID:Phase I study of the anthrapyrazole biantrazole: clinical results and pharmacology. 204 34

Physicians investigated a nosocomial diarrhea outbreak among 11 2 year old undernourished children in the nutrition service of the pediatric teaching hospital, Hospital Infantile, in Mexico City, Mexico in April 1988. Health practitioners took at least 2 stool samples from each ill child to be analyzed for Cryptosporidium oocysts. The attack rate stood st 82%. The hospital admitted a malnourished child with chronic diarrhea and pneumonia on March 22. Laboratory tests revealed that he had many Cryptosporidium oocysts and was positive for HIV. Hospital staff did not isolate him. He died on May 9 of Escherichia coli and Candida septicemia. The outbreak ended 1 week later. Laboratory tests detected Cryptosporidium oocysts in 9 cases all of whom were 3-13 months old. Further the symptoms (mean duration 14 days, fever [mean peak 38.6 degrees Celsius, and vomiting] matched those of other reported Cryptosporidium diarrhea outbreaks. The epidemic curve suggested a common source of the outbreak. Since the infants received intravenous feedings or sterilized formula, food and water could not have been the source. The physicians believed the AIDS case was that source. Direct person to person transmission was probably not responsible since each infant had his/her own separate crib. Even though the physicians could not conclusively identify the vehicle of transmission, it was most likely the hands of hospitals staff either directly by touching the infants or by contaminating the nasogastric tubes. After the outbreak, the physicians observed that only 30% of medical personnel indeed washed their hands before caring for an infant. 4 previous studies on nosocomial Cryptosporidium diarrhea outbreaks also reported the source case as immunodeficient, but these studies only included adults.
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PMID:An outbreak of Cryptosporidium diarrhea in a pediatric hospital. 204 74

Two brothers, patient 1 with fever and vomiting, and patient 2 with failure to gain weight were studied. After 4 hr of water deprivation test, the urinary osmolality of the patient 1 was only 105 mOsm/liter and his body weight showed a 4.6% reduction. In response to desamino-8-D arginine vasopressin intranasal administration, no significant elevation of urinary osmolality of patient 1 occurred. After low dose vasopressin tests, the maximal urinary osmolality of their father was in the normal range, but that of their mother was below the normal range. Moreover, the patients showed no significant increase of urinary osmolality after the same tests. The brothers were diagnosed as nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) and their mother was diagnosed as a carrier. An early diagnosis of NDI is important, since adequate managements such as low-solute diet with restricted protein and salt intake or such as water intake at frequent intervals can prevent the hyperosmolality which would develop the delayed mental and physical developments. The usefulness of the combination of indomethacin with thiazide diuretics is described.
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PMID:A family case of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. 209 13

From May 1986 until July 1987, oral morphine hydrochloride in water solution was used in terminal patients, under a strict protocol of administration, and complying with the basic principles of Palliative Care. A retrospective study was carried out on the 40 patients who had received the drug for more than three consecutive days. As shown in Table 1, the average age of the treated patients was 70 years. The ambulatory patients represented 27.5% of the sample. The average initial dose was 60 mg, and the average maintenance dose was 120 mg. The median treatment time was 45 days. "Good" results were achieved in 85% of the patients, and "fairly good" in the remainder ("good" results were defined as "satisfactory symptom control, good life quality"--in this group there were some patients who obtained total suppression of the symptoms and optimal life-quality, i.e. "excellent" results; "bad" results were defined as "total absence of therapeutic effect"; and "fairly good" results, the intermediate cases). The more frequently treated symptoms were: 67.5%, pain due to tumor mass; and 20%, pain due to nerve compression-invasion, bone pain, and dyspnoea due to pulmonary metastases or primary lung cancer: total symptoms was more than a hundred per cent, because a number of patients had more than one symptom. Whenever necessary, adjuvant drugs were employed. Side effects were seen in 37% of the patients (specially nausea, vomiting, constipation, and somnolence for more than four days).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Oral morphine in the treatment of patients with terminal disease]. 213 Feb 44

Since his birth, we have been monitoring a 12-year-old boy suffering from selective severe magnesium malabsorption. Our essential problem is to prepare a form of galena with acceptable taste, tolerated by the digestive tract and well absorbed; also, the carrier compound must not cause short- or long-term side effects. An additional factor is the steadily increasing need for magnesium from 1 mmol/kg.d at 1 year to 14 mmol/kg.d at present age (345 mg/kg.d). The galena forms currently on sale were, with the exception of lactate and pyrollidone carboxylate, immediately rejected since they contain insufficient Mg2+. Following short trials resulting in diarrhoea, the other two preparations were also rejected. We then constituted - and also abandoned - our own galena compounds: aspartate (bitterness), aspartate + glycerophosphate (GLP) (bitterness), glutamate + GLP ('Chinese restaurant syndrome' and fear of the long term toxic effect of the glutamate), gluconate (excessive volume: 11/1 proportion with Mg2+). A recent test featuring GLP of Mg 40 g + cocoa butter 40 g + cocoa 10 g, brought about vomiting and diarrhoea, and was not adequately absorbed. The best tolerated formula is: Mg GLP 21.33 g; saccharose 6 g; aspartam 1 g; gelatin 0.5 g; citric acid, conserving agent, fruity aroma; water: qs 100 g. Such composition yields a caramel cream absorbed in five small portions, at a daily quantity of 375 g (80 g GLP Mg, 10 g Mg2+). Vitamin B6, which promotes intestinal absorption of magnesium, must be given separately in tablet form at a dose of 1 g/d, since it causes nausea if it is included in the Mg preparation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Severe selective magnesium malabsorption: tests of tolerance of oral magnesium supplements. 213 77

Intracranial pressure (ICP) was continuously monitored in a thirty-two-year-old female of acoustic neurinoma complicated with chronic renal failure. Severe headache with vomiting has begun to appear during hemodialysis for several months, prompting a diagnosis of an obstructive hydrocephalus. Continuous ventricular drainage was placed after admission and changes of ICP were monitored during hemodialysis. Dynamic changes of electrolytes, protein, sugar, urea nitrogen, and creatinine levels in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) as well as osmolarity were measured every one hour during the hemodialysis. An increment of ICP started to occur gradually after initiation of hemodialysis reaching the maximum value 23 minutes later. It was spontaneously decreased to the initial level 8 minutes later followed by fluctuations thereafter consisting of the changes of 20 to 30 mmHg. A remarkable rise in osmotic pressure in CSF has been observed corresponding to the rise of ICP which created a large difference from the blood osmotic pressure that consistently decreased following the onset of hemodialysis. Whereas, the absolute values of all measured factors including electrolytes and urea nitrogen in CSF have decreased consistently which did not seem to contribute intermittent increment of osmotic pressure of CSF. The cause of ICP increment in our case was considered mainly due to increase of water content in the brain tissue caused by the widening of osmotic gradient between the CSF and blood, although the substances responsible to the actual increase of CSF osmotic pressure remained unclear.
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PMID:[Elevation of intracranial pressure during hemodialysis--continuous measurement of cerebrospinal fluid pressure in a patient with acoustic neurinoma]. 220 42

The acute effect of ethyl alcohol ingestion is to induce diuresis with excretion of free water and preservation of electrolytes. This occurs as the blood alcohol concentration is increasing and is due to the suppression by alcohol of the endogenous release of ADH. During a steady blood alcohol concentration, alcohol acts as an antidiuretic, causing retention of water and electrolytes. While at steady state, additional doses of alcohol will produce progressively smaller and eventually absent diuretic responses. The chronic effect of alcohol is to promote isosmotic retention of water and electrolytes due to increased ADH levels. Excess water and electrolytes are acutely excreted in response to additional alcohol ingestion. With the cessation of alcohol intake, this excess will be excreted over several days. Routine parenteral fluid administration to chronic and withdrawing alcoholics should be avoided. The role of potassium and magnesium in the genesis of specific manifestations of the alcohol withdrawal syndrome is not clear. Alcoholic patients may have electrolyte abnormalities due to alcohol-induced diseases, poor nutrition, or vomiting and diarrhea. Each case must be individually evaluated.
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PMID:Electrolyte abnormalities in the alcoholic patient. 222 85


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