Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0042963 (vomiting)
 31,883 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Metrizamide is an attractive myelographic agent with several advantages over other available myelographic agents. Radiographic detail is generally superior to Pantopaque and gas myelography, the material need not be aspiradted and does not appear to result in long-term complicaitons. Because of its low neuro-toxicity, it may be allowed to come into contact with the spinal cord and brain, unlike other water-soluble agents. Its main disadvantages are its tendency to diffuse into the CSF when run from one portion of the spinal canal to another and the occurrence of acute toxic effects such as vomiting and, rarely, seizures.
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PMID:Comparison of metrizamide with other myelographic agents. 91 65

Total starvation is effective for acute weight reduction in obesity. However, in 200 patients, most of whom also had internal diseases, 8% exhibited sometimes severe complications, i.e. reversible cerebral ischemia in 3 hypertensive patients when the blood pressure was lowered to the normal range by natriuresis of fasting; breakdown of water and electrolyte homeostasis with circulatory collapse, vomiting and vertigo; acute crises of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria and porphyria respectively and increase of transaminases up to 200 mu/ml, or cardiac arrhythmias. Relative (?) contraindications for total fasting appear to be clinical sings of arteriosclerosis such as vascular bruits, angina pectoris and intermittent claudication. In case of doubt, the method should only be used in hospital.
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PMID:[Complications in null-diet]. 91 86

The results of 102 cases treated with an oral electrolyte-glucose solution for rehydration caused by mild cases of small bowel diarrhea without using an antimicrobial agent in conjunction are presented. Clinical features, such as frequency of loose bowel movement, age distributions, and other relevant symptomatology are provided tabularly. The solution used consisted of: sodium chloride, .85 gm; potassium bicarbonate, 1 gm.; glucose, 17.5 gm.; boiled and cooled water, 500 ml. 97 of 102 were treated only with the oral electrolyte-glucose solution, and the remainder received intravenous fluid before initiation of oral rehydration. Due to follow-up problems, 13 cases were omitted from the statistical analysis; of the remaining 89, 84 were controlled within 72 hours (as judged by cessation of loose bowel movements). During therapy, breastfeeding or cow's milk was expressly forbidden, but 4 of the 5 failures were later discovered to have recieved breastfeedings, and 1 was marasmic. The treatment of small diarrhea, not having persistent vomiting or shock, with some suitable oral electrolyte-glucose solution only is highly successful, safe, and inexpensive. Success rate was 94.38%.
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PMID:Treatment of small bowel diarrhea with electrolyte glucose drink. 101 Jun 48

Infants and young children are particularly susceptible to a recently identified viral enteritis which is highly contagious and seems both common and universal. In this disease, virus invades the upper intestinal epithelium, causing acute diarrhoea with early fever and vomiting. We studied a similar disease in pigs, infecting three-week-old animals with transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGE), which also invades the upper intestinal epithelium. In this model, diarrhoea is massive 16-40 hours after infection, when stools contain increased electrolytes but no excess of sugar. In the jejunum of intact pigs at the 40-hour stage we found altered Na+ and water flux, decreased mucosal activities of disaccharidases and Na+, K+-ATPase, but normal adenylate cyclase activity. At the same stage the response of Na+ flux to glucose was blunted in jejunal epithelium studied in Ussing short-circuit chambers and in suspensions of villous cells; Cl- flux responded normally to theophylline, and thymidine kinase and sucrase activities of cells isolated from jejunal villi were similar to those found in crypt cells. Probably by 40 hours after infection most virus has been shed from the mucosa. Viral diarrhoea clearly differs from enterotoxigenic diarrhoea. Consideration of its pathogenesis must take into account the dynamic nature of the mucosal epithelium and the factors governing differentiation of enterocytes as they migrate from crypt to villus. Sufficient information is available now to characterize one specific and apparently prevalent viral enteritis in man and to identify additional viral enteritides. There is hope that preventative therapy can be developed. Our understanding of the mechanisms of viral diarrhoea is limited, but the availability of an animal model and the promise of others makes us optimistic that these deficiencies can be remedied. Greater understanding of the pathogenesis of viral diarrhoea should better the active therapy of affected infants and children.
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PMID:Viral gastroenteritis: recent progress, remaining problems. 104 55

Positive contrast ventriculography was carried out in 72 cases, using the water-soluble contrast medium Dimer-X. The examinations were performed 1--3 days after ventricular drainage had been carried out to relieve raised intracranila pressure. After injection of 2--7.5 ml. of the medium into the non-anaesthetised patients -- including 37 children and juveniles -- the ventriculographs were taken under visual control using Mimer III. This method is simple and can be rapidly carried out. Radiographs taken in two planes, supplement by tomography if required, are sufficient for an accurate diagnosis. During the examination only two children suffered from vomiting, while another patient sustained a generalised convulsion because the contrast agent came into contact with the surface of the brain.
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PMID:Experience with Dimer-X 1-ventriculography. 108 Dec 5

In an attempt to study the use and value in ventriculography of meglumine iocarmate (Dimer-X), previously accepted as a water soluble contrast medium safe for myelography, we have conducted animal experiments to compare Dimer-X with megulumine iothalamate (Conray 60) and meglumine diatrizoate (Angiografin). We also made clinical studies of Dimer-X. In the animal experiments, 1.5 ml and 2.0 ml of Dimer-X were injected into the ventricles of 7 dogs. We noted the apparent superiority of Dimer-X over Conray 60 and Angiografin as far as side effects were concerned, but there were no particular differences in the intensities of the ventriculograms obtained. Morphological studies of the ventricles and histological examinations of the ventricular walls 1 month after intraventricular injections of Dimer-X showed no abnormalities. In the clinical studies, ventriculography with 1-5 ml Dimer-X, performed on 17 cases, aged 8 months to 62 years, with diseases of the central nervous system, produced ventriculograms of good diagnostic value with no side effects, such as convulsions, apart from mild headache or vomiting in 4 instances.
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PMID:Ventriculography with methylglucamine iocarmate (Dimer-X). Experimental and clinical study. 108 93

A toxic syndrome characterized by fever, headache, and vomiting, lasting 2-5 days, occurred in 61% of 39 children with acute leukemia in complete remission, receiving central nervous system prophylaxis with intrathecal methotrexate, and in 14% of 34 children receiving the same plus cranial radiation. The syndrome was accompanied by pleocytosis with lymphocytes, monocytoid cells, and neutrophils. There was evidence of cumulative Mtx toxicity, since the toxic syndrome occurred mostly after the third and fourth dose and did not recur with longer intervals between doses. The incidence of the syndrome was significantly reduced by the use of Elliott's B solution as Mtx diluent, rather than water or normal saline. The occurrence of pleocytosis and toxic clinical syndrome was also significantly reduced in patients receiving concomitant cranial radiation, probably due to the lympholytic action of radiotherapy and the depressed cellular response of irradiated tissues. The use of Elliott's B solution as diluent for IT Mtx and an appropriate interval between Mtx doses are suggested for prevention of this toxic syndrome.
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PMID:Adverse effects of intrathecal methotrexate in children with acute leukemia in remission. 109 8

The authors had performed comparative studies of the effect of the induction of abortion in late pregnancy by intraamniotic injection of 20% hypertonic NaC1 saline in 26 pregnant patients, of 25 mg prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) at 6 hour intervals in 25 patients, a single dose of 40 mg PGF2alpha in 27 patients, and a single dose injection of 2.5 mg 15-me-PGF2alpha given to 25 patients. The highest success rate was obtained with the single dose injection of 2.5 mg 15-me-PGF2alpha and the lowest success rate was obtained with 25 mg PGF2alpha at 6 hour intervals. Despite the rather high percent of success in using the hypertonic NaCl saline, this method is more dangerous at the moment of injection and complications during the abortion (i.e., water intoxication, necrosis of tissue, coagulation defects, and others) are high. The most frequently encountered side effects when using PGs were vomiting and diarrhea. Histologic examinations of the placenta revealed massive bleedings at a frequency rate identical to PGs and hypertonic saline. The degree of isoimmunization was lower with the PGs than with hypertonic NaCl saline despite the late dates of pregnancy termination. The intraamniotic injection of the small volume solution of 15-me-PGF2alpha or PGF2alpha is simpler and easier from a technical point of view than any method recommending saline and is far more effective. (author's)
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PMID:[Intra-amniotic administration of prostaglandin F 2 alpha, 12-methyl-prostaglandin F 2 alpha and hypertonic sodium chloride solution for induction of abortion in second-trimester pregnancy]. 118 89

Such hygroscopic compounds as LiCl, CaCl2, and MgCl2 are used to improve water retention capacity and, as a consequence, the effectiveness of heat and moisture exchangers (HME). Resorption of these substances via the bronchopulmonary tract and a resulting systemic action cannot be excluded, especially if additional active moisturizing devices are used. The narrow therapeutic range of lithium is known, as are its unwanted side effects, such as nausea, vomiting, somnolence and even cardiac arrhythmia. These are symptoms that also frequently occur during anaesthesia and intensive care, so that differentiation against effects of lithium is nearly impossible. We investigated whether, in theory and in practice, LiCl-coated HME could result in effective Li plasma concentrations. We measured (1) total LiCl content of HMEs, (2) release of this content, simulating the worst-case situation with a breathing model, and (3) lithium plasma concentrations of adult patients being ventilated during anaesthesia with a rebreathing circuit and LiCl-coated HME, but with no additional active moisturizing system incorporated. RESULTS. The results show striking differences with LiCl content ranging from 3 to 251 mg varying not only between different types of HME but also within the same lots. After 20 min of ventilation more than 90% of the LiCl coating was rinsed into the test lung of the breathing model. In practical use, we observed an increase in lithium plasma concentration in 3 of 20 investigated patients. The plasma values of maximum 49.5 micrograms/l (= 0.007 mmol/l) do not amount to potentially toxic concentrations. Nevertheless, clinically relevant concentrations might occur in patients with small distribution volumes, e.g. newborns or infants with frequent exposition within short intervals such as in intensive care units. The differences in lithium content also indicate qualitative differences in water retention capacity. Because of the potential side effects of lithium, we prefer qualitatively equivalent HMEs, e.g., with MgCl2 or CaCl2 as hygroscopic substance.
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PMID:[Is the lithium chloride-coated heat and moisture exchanger a danger for patients?]. 131 37

Topotecan (SK&F 104864) is a novel antitumor agent whose mechanism of action is inhibition of the DNA unwinding protein topoisomerase I. An analog of camptothecin, topotecan was designed to be more water soluble in an effort to decrease the severe and sporadic toxicities experienced during phase I/II trials of the parent compound. In this phase I clinical and pharmacological trial, topotecan was given as a bolus intravenous (i.v.) infusion over 30 min every 21 days. A total of 42 patients entered the study, receiving doses ranging from 2.5 to 22.5 mg/m2. The maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of topotecan given in this schedule was 22.5 mg/m2. Myelosuppression, primarily neutropenia, was dose-limiting. The extent of prior therapy did not predict for more severe neutropenia. Non-hematologic toxicities were mild and included low-grade to moderate fever, nausea, vomiting, alopecia, diarrhea and skin rashes. There were no objective partial or complete responses, although there was a suggestion of antitumor activity in three patients. Topotecan undergoes pH-dependent hydrolysis of the lactone ring; only the closed, lactone form is active. The lactone form predominated during infusion, with hydrolysis occurring rapidly following the end of infusion. There were linear relationships between dose administered and peak plasma lactone concentrations as well as AUC lactone to AUC total. The lactone was rapidly cleared from plasma with a total body clearance of 25.7 (+/- 6.7) l/h/m2. The plasma lactone concentration declined rapidly with a harmonic mean terminal half-life of 3.4 (+/- 1.1)h. Lactone hydrolysis and renal excretion were the major routes of elimination.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:A phase I clinical and pharmacokinetic study of the topoisomerase I inhibitor topotecan (SK&F 104864) given as an intravenous bolus every 21 days. 133 81


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