Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0042963 (vomiting)
 31,883 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Between May 1983-March 1984, the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh conducted a metabolic balance study involving 47 children with acute cholera between 1-5 years old. Researchers randomly assigned 22 children to the intravenous (IV) solution treatment group. The children received it continuously until the diarrhea stopped. The remaining 25 were treated with oral rehydration solution (ORS) and IV fluid as needed. Health staff attempted to maintain hydration in the ORS/IV group with ORS alone, but IV therapy was reinstated if a child vomited excessively or the child exhibited signs of severe dehydration. Within 6-8 hours after admission and initial rehydration, the children took a nonabsorbable charcoal marker before taking in any food. The appearance of the 1st marker in the stool was called 0 hour and all stools, urine and vomitus between the 0-72 hours were collected. At 72 hours, the children ingested a 2nd marker. The ORS/IV group consumed 40% of the fluid orally. Vomiting within this group was significantly higher than the IV group (p.001). Intake of protein on day 2 and intake of both fat and protein on day 3 were significantly higher in the IV group (p.05, p.01). Daily intake and absorption of energy or carbohydrates in both of the groups, however, were similar. No significant differences in the total consumption of nutrients after recovery existed. Nitrogen absorption was significantly higher in the IV group than the ORS/IV group (p.05). This study demonstrates that an adequate amount of food is consumed and utilized by patients with acute diarrhea while receiving ORS and therefore there is no justification for withholding food during the acute stage of diarrhea.
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PMID:Does oral rehydration therapy alter food consumption and absorption of nutrients in children with cholera? 377 23

The safety and efficacy of captopril therapy in children with severe and refractory hypertension has been evaluated in a collaborative international study which enrolled a group of 73 patients, 15 years of age or younger. Most patients had hypertension associated with renal disease or vascular abnormalities. Captopril was administered for periods of less than 3 months to more than 1 year. A significant decrease in both systolic and diastolic blood pressures was produced by the administration of captopril, usually in conjunction with other antihypertensive agents (most commonly diuretics and/or beta-blockers). Systolic blood pressures were normalized in 62% and 53% and diastolic blood pressures in 56% and 45% of reported patients after the second and sixth months of captopril therapy, respectively. The response to captopril was sustained over a 12-month period. Adverse reactions were reported in 49% of the 73 patients; 48% of patients had experienced adverse reactions to other antihypertensive agents prior to entering the study. The reactions most frequently observed during captopril therapy were hypotension, vomiting, postural symptoms, anemia, rash, and anorexia. Leukopenia was reported in six patients, all of whom had renal impairment. Two of these patients had received concomitant therapy with immunosuppressants, and one had systemic lupus erythematosus. Captopril was discontinued in two of these six children. Statistically significant increases in mean serum urea nitrogen and potassium concentrations and decreases in mean serum CO2 levels were observed during the course of therapy. These effects could not be exclusively attributed to captopril administration as the study population received multidrug therapy and had significant intrinsic disease. Captopril was demonstrated to be an effective and safe drug for the treatment of children with severe hypertension.
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PMID:Efficacy and safety of captopril in the treatment of severe childhood hypertension: report of the International Collaborative Study Group. 388 18

In chronically implanted rats, we examined the respiratory EMG activity of the two parts of the diaphragm, costal and crural, during sleep and wakefulness. Their activity was compared and contrasted with that of the EMG activity of the cricothyroid muscle. Whether in wakefulness, while grooming and drinking, or in nonrapid eye movement (non-REM) sleep, and independent of the gas mixture breathed (4 to 5% CO2 or 10% O2 in nitrogen), the two parts of the diaphragm paused during REM apnea episodes whereas the cricothyroid muscle ceased its activity or exhibited sustained activity. We conclude that the diaphragm, mainly an inspiratory muscle, acts as a single functional unit when under the respiratory control system. The cricothyroid muscle functions as an inspiratory and/or expiratory muscle, also under the respiratory control systems. Both muscles in the rat come under other neural control mechanisms governing nonrespiratory functions, e.g., swallowing, defecation, and coughing, but not vomiting.
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PMID:Unity of costal and crural diaphragmatic activity in respiration. 393 Feb 80

The effects of intravenous Nitrogen Mustard (NM), given with a total cumulative dose of 0.8 mg/kg BW, were studied in 60 children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS). Thirty patients were frequent relapser with corticosteroid dependence. In this group the actuarial remission rate was 43, 30 and 15% after 1, 2 and 3 years respectively. The relapse rate per year was decreased from 2.76 +/- 1.56 to 0.88 +/- 0.79 after NM. Ten of the 17 patients showing a partial response to steroids went into complete remission after NM but 6 of them relapsed. Of the 13 patients who did not respond to steroids only 3 went into remission for a short time. Vomiting and leukopenia were noted in one third of cases. The data indicate that NM may improve the course of corticosteroid dependent INS, being less effective in partial responders and probably without effect in non responders.
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PMID:Nitrogen mustard therapy in idiopathic nephrotic syndrome of childhood. 399 69

The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of an oral fluid therapy alone or combined with parenteral administration of a 5% dextrose solution to attenuate the clinical signs and the pathophysiological consequences of transmissible gastroenteritis in neonatal piglets. Eighteen two day old conventional piglets were infected with transmissible gastroenteritis virus while six others were used as controls (Group 1). At the onset of diarrhea, infected piglets were divided into three groups of six (Groups 2, 3 and 4). Piglets in group 2 were not treated and were fed a milk replacer ad libitum. Piglets in group 3 were removed from the milk replacer and placed on an oral glucose-glycine-electrolyte solution ad libitum. Those in group 4 were placed on oral fluid therapy and received a 5% dextrose solution intraperitoneally at the rate of 25 mL/kg of body weight once a day. Blood samples were collected in heparin within minutes after the infected piglets became comatose and from the controls at four or five days of age. The following variables were measured: packed red cell volume, blood pH, total plasma protein and bicarbonate, blood urea nitrogen, and plasma glucose, creatinine, chloride, inorganic phosphorus, sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium. Vomiting and diarrhea appeared 12 to 24 hours postinoculation in the infected piglets. There was a sudden and rapid progression into a comatose and moribund state one or two days later whether the infected piglets were treated or not.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Fluid therapy trials in neonatal piglets infected with transmissible gastroenteritis virus. 407 36

The metabolic response to human growth hormone (HGH) was studied in five obese subjects in the fed state and during prolonged (5-6 wk) starvation. In the fed state (three subjects), HGH induced an elevation in basal serum insulin concentration, a minimal increase in blood and urine ketone levels, and a marked reduction in urinary nitrogen and potassium excretion resulting in positive nitrogen and potassium balance. In prolonged fasting (four subjects), HGH administration resulted in a 2- to 3-fold increase in serum insulin which preceded a 50% elevation in blood glucose. Persistence of the lipolytic effects of HGH was indicated by a rise in free fatty acids and glycerol. The response differed markedly from the fed state in that blood beta-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate levels rose by 20-40%, resulting in total blood ketone acid concentrations of 10-12 mmoles/liter, ketonuria of 150-320 mmoles/day, and increased urinary potassium loss. The subjects complained of nausea, vomiting, weakness, and myalgias. Despite a 50% reduction in urea excretion during HGH administration, total nitrogen loss remained unchanged as urinary ammonia excretion rose by 50% and correlated directly with the degree of ketonuria. It is concluded that in prolonged starvation (a) HGH may have a direct insulinotropic effect on the beta cell independent of alterations in blood glucose concentration, (b) persistence of the lipolytic action of HGH results in severe exaggeration of starvation ketosis and interferes with its anticatabolic action by necessitating increased urinary ammonia loss, and (c) failure of HGH to reduce net protein catabolism in starvation suggests that this hormone does not have a prime regulatory role in conserving body protein stores during prolonged fasting.
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PMID:Metabolic response to human growth hormone during prolonged starvation. 554 Jan 76

264 women (about 50% private patients), all less than 40 years old and none with history contraindicating oral contraception, were started on a regimen with Ovral (.5 mg norgestrel and .05 mg ethinyl estradiol). Medication started on Day 5 of a menstrual cycle. Then therapy followed a 3 weeks on, 7 days off schedule. Patients continued for 1-22 cycles (mean 7 cycles) for a total of 1918 cycles. Despite the omission of 42 doses by 32 patients, no pregnancies occurred. The percentages of cycles with average flow, spotting, breakthrough bleeding, and dysmenorrhea were 74.4, 2.5, .4, and .6, respectively. The incidence of amenorrhea, .2%, was spectacularly low in comparison with findings in other studies. Papanicolaou smears (483) were all normal (Class I or II). Morphologic changes seen at endometrial biopsy (61) were similar to those produced by other available progestogen-estrogen compounds. No significant variation from control findings (1878) were found in 1463 laboratory studies. The studies included leukocyte and differential counts (724), and determinations of hemoglobin and hematocrit (388), fasting blood sugar and blood urea nitrogen (114), bilirubin and liver function (61), and renal function (176). Minor symptoms (nausea, vomiting, headache, etc.) were few and disappeared after the first few cycles. The preparation suppresses ovulation (probably through action of the estrogen), probably alters the cervical mucus to inhibit sperm penetration, possibly interferes with nidation, and may interfere with follicular development.
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PMID:Norgestrel, a low dose, oral progestogen for fertility contro. Supplementary report. 564 94

Two hundred forty-three patients have received WR-2721 in Phase I-II studies. Separate studies were conducted in which patients with advanced malignancies received WR-2721 before single or multiple doses of radiotherapy or in single doses prior to cyclophosphamide, nitrogen mustard or cis-platinum. Single doses were escalated from 25 to 1330 mg/m2. An Acceptable Tolerated Dose (ATD) of 740 mg/m2 infused in 15 minutes has been established and is currently used in Phase II studies. Significant persistent hypotension (greater than 20 torr systolic) as a dose-limiting toxicity has occurred in 5% of patients in the single dose study. Fifty-five patients have been entered in the multiple dose trial. Dose levels of 340 mg/m2, four times a week for three weeks, and 250 mg/m2, four times a week for six weeks have been reached. There were five idiosynchratic reactions (fever, chills, rash, hypotension), one of which was severe. Some patients withdrew from the multiple dose study because of vomiting after each injection, or fear. No deaths nor any long-term untoward effects were observed. There is no suggestion of tumor protection.
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PMID:Toxicity of WR-2721 administered in single and multiple doses. 609 Mar 69

Divers breathing compressed air are restricted to 45 m depth because of the narcotic effects of nitrogen and toxic action of oxygen at increased pressures. Substitution of oxygen-helium for compressed air has permitted divers to reach 600 m. However, at depths greater than 160 m, signs and symptoms of the high pressure nervous syndrome (h.p.n.s.) occur, with tremors, myoclonic jerking, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, somnolence, e.e.g. changes, dyspnoea, and poor sleep with nightmares. It has been the objective of this Laboratory to ameliorate the symptoms of pressure-induced h.p.n.s. by the addition of small amounts of 'narcotic' nitrogen to the oxygen-helium mixture to form the Trimix breathing gas. In 1973, comparative experiments with oxygen-helium and the same divers, during compressions in only 33 min to 219.5 m and 305 m, showed such Trimix to be effective with 10% (by volume) nitrogen. Simulated dives, termed ATLANTIS, have been made with Trimix over the last 4 years to depths in excess of 610 m for 11 days, 650 m for 4 days and 686 m for 1 day. The objectives were to determine the effects of either slow or rapid rates of compression, and either 5% or 10% (by volume) nitrogen in Heliox, on the presence of h.p.n.s. or nitrogen narcosis. Measurements were made of intellectual and psychomotor performance, electrophysiological function of the brain and reflexes, lung and cardiovascular function, including arterial gas analysis at rest and work, blood chemistry and psychiatric and psychological status. The results permit the conclusion that divers may be compressed safely to depths as great as 686 m. The technique requires a slow exponential compression over days, with frequent stages lasting 14 h or more, the use of 5-8% (by volume) nitrogen in Heliox and careful selection of the divers.
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PMID:Probing the limits of human deep diving. 614 71

A prospective, randomized and double-blinded trial of the comparative effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and haloperidol (H) was begun in February 1980. Patients were randomized to initially receive either THC or haloperidol with cross-over to the other agent after two courses. All patients evaluated efficacy and toxicity of each agent and those patients completing the study expressed a preference for either THC or haloperidol. All patients are receiving chemotherapeutic agents known to induce severe vomiting (cis-platinum, nitrogen mustard, or doxorubicin) or have a history or retching with chemotherapy. Fifty-two patients are evaluable as of October, 1980. THC and haloperidol were equally effective in controlling nausea and vomiting as judged by number of vomiting episodes, patient evaluation of efficacy, and patient preference. About 10% of patients had complete control of vomiting and a third had less than five episodes. Patients failing one of the antiemetics had good control with the other about half the time. Toxicities from THC were less well tolerated than those from haloperidol, but most patients had no serious side effects. Nonoverlapping toxicities and efficacy raise the possibility that a combination of the agents might be worthwhile.
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PMID:Comparative trial of the antiemetic effects of THC and haloperidol. 627 38


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