Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0042963 (vomiting)
 31,883 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Salt is generally contraindicated as an emetic in toxicological emergency situations. It can only be recommended when its rapid disappearance from the stomach can be guaranteed in the case of lack of vomiting. Less than 1 g salt per kg body weight may be lethal. The danger of sodium chloride becomes apparent from two severe cases of intoxication in children one of which was fatal. One of the two children was given salt as an emetic.
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PMID:[Intoxication after use of salt as an emetic (author's transl)]. 124 20

Salt losing nephropathy, occurring predominantly in male infants, has been reported in association with a spectrum of urologic diseases including obstructive uropathy and massive, infected vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). This has been called pseudo-hypoaldosteronism (PHA) or alternatively, pseudo salt-losing congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), and is thought to reflect a tubular unresponsiveness to aldosterone. We report our experience with six cases, discuss one case in detail and review the 39 cases previously reported. A one month old male infant presented with a left upper quadrant mass. Signs and symptoms included vomiting, dehydration, hyponatremia and hyperkalemia. This suggested the diagnosis of CAH for which therapy was instituted. Ultrasonographic examination subsequently revealed the mass to be a urinoma in an infant with posterior urethral valve (PUV) and obstructive hydronephrosis.
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PMID:Salt losing nephropathy simulating congenital adrenal hyperplasia in infants with obstructive uropathy and/or vesicoureteral reflux--value of ultrasonography in diagnosis. 174 73

The seeds of Jatropha curcas L. ingested accidentally by two children aged 3 and 5 years led to a clinical syndrome of restlessness, severe vomiting and dehydration. A systematic study of the seeds indicated that they produced toxic effects in mice. Macroscopic anal haemorrhage and death occurred when the seeds were administered with the feed. Post-mortem examination revealed infarction of various parts of the gastrointestinal tract with congested vessels. Sodium chloride solution (150 mmol/l: saline) extract of the dried seed administered intraperitoneally into mice caused death in doses as low as 1 mg/kg. Post-mortem studies in this case showed widespread haemorrhages involving the colon, lungs as well as infarction of the liver. Larger intraperitoneal doses (greater than 30 mg/kg) were lethal rapidly but not associated with gross gastrointestinal haemorrhage.
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PMID:Acute toxicity studies with Jatropha curcas L. 348 57

Pseudohypoaldosteronism was diagnosed in an infant that clinically presented severe failure to thrive and vomiting. Evaluation of her extended family revealed many other affected family members with a vast range of clinical expression. The mode of inheritance is most likely autosomal dominant. Salt supplementation during infancy was effective in restoring normal growth, weight gain and serum electrolytes.
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PMID:Pseudohypoaldosteronism in a female infant and her family: diversity of clinical expression and mode of inheritance. 402 36

Strychnine toxicosis is characterized by inducible tetanic seizures and metaldehyde poisoning by fine fasciculations progressing to generalized tremors and seizures. Intoxication with 1080 causes seizures, random running movements, vomiting, defecation, urination, acidosis and hyperglycemia. Intoxication with rodenticides causing coagulopathy is characterized by hemorrhage into body cavities but not necessarily external hemorrhage. Anticholinesterase insecticides cause salivation, urination and defecation, while chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides cause CNS disturbances. Ethylene glycol intoxication results in ataxia, depression, coma, vomiting and tachypnea, followed by acute renal failure. Urea poisoning causes bloat and CNS signs in cattle. Monensin intoxication in horses lasts several days and causes stiffness, colic, uneasiness and recumbency. Salt poisoning results in depression, seizures and hypernatremia. Lead poisoning is associated with central and peripheral nervous system signs, as well as increased numbers of nucleated RBC and basophilic stippling of RBC. Arsenic poisoning results in GI pain, diarrhea, weakness and death. Copper toxicosis in sheep is manifested by hemolytic anemia, hemoglobinemia and hemoglobinuria. Plants that may intoxicate domestic animals include sorghum, greasewood, halogeton, water hemlock, Japanese yew, larkspur, lupine, milk-weed, philodendron, oleander, castor bean and precatory bean.
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PMID:Practical toxicologic diagnosis. 649 3

Postoperative nausea and vomiting are common after recovery from anesthesia. We examined the prophylactic effect of granisetron on postoperative nausea and vomiting in 120 female patients (ASA physical status I) undergoing gynecologic surgery. They were randomly allocated to one of three groups (n = 40 for each): saline (as a control), granisetron 20 micrograms/kg, and granisetron 40 micrograms/kg. Saline or granisetron was given intravenously (IV) over 5 min approximately 30 min before the end of anesthesia. Nausea, vomiting, and safety assessments were performed during the 24-h recovery period. For the 24-h period after surgery, the number of emesis-free patients was significantly larger in the granisetron groups than in the control group (83%, 78%, and 20% of patients receiving granisetron 20 micrograms/kg and 40 micrograms/kg, and saline, respectively). Granisetron at both doses also was superior to the control for the prevention of nausea over the 24-h study period (nausea visual analog scales at 24-h postsurgery: 49 mm, 17 mm, and 18 mm in the control, granisetron 20 micrograms/kg, and granisetron 40 micrograms/kg groups, respectively). Fewer patients received "rescue" antiemetics in the granisetron groups than in the control group (10%, 10%, and 43% of patients in granisetron 20 micrograms/kg and 40 micrograms/kg, and the control groups, respectively). The adverse events in the granisetron groups were similar to those in the control group. The administration of granisetron had no significant effect on vital signs or clinical laboratory test profiles. Granisetron given at 20 or 40 micrograms/kg i.v. during anesthesia appears to be a simple, effective, and safe method for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting.
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PMID:The antiemetic efficacy of prophylactic granisetron in gynecologic surgery. 772 41

Sodium chloride deficiency (SCD) was observed within the 1st year of life in 12 of 46 cystic fibrosis (CF) patients between July 1989 and September 1992. All patients showed sweating, loss of appetite, fever, vomiting, irritation, dehydration, weakness, and cyanosis during an attack. Mean plasma sodium, potassium and chloride levels were 122.9 (range 106-135), 2.5 (range 1.6-3.5), and 73.3 (range 60-90) mEq/l respectively. Alkalosis and elevated plasma renin activity were detected in all patients. Of the patients, 50% showed microscopic haematuria, and hypercalciuria was detected in two out of four patients. Low urinary sodium and high urinary potassium were observed in the four examined patients. Increased creatinine, BUN and uric acid values returned to normal with treatment. All the patients were treated initially with intravenous fluids and electrolyte solutions. All patients were less than 7 months of age during the first attack, five received only breast milk and the others breast milk with formula milk. Their oral salt supplement was 2-4 mEq/kg per day, which is recommended for CF patients, but could be deficient in excessively sweating infants. The genotype of these patients might be cause of high salt losses. F508 is the most common mutation with the frequency of 38% in our CF patients with SCD, but the frequency of unknown mutations is high (54%).
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PMID:Sodium chloride deficiency in cystic fibrosis patients. 784 98

The study aimed at evaluating an incidence of hypo- and hypernatremia in the elderly and the results of therapy. Hyponatremia. The studies involved 18 patients aged 69.8 +/- 5.9 years with hyponatremia of 126.8 +/- 2.7 mmol/L. The main causes of hyponatremia were: diuretics, diarrhoea, and vomiting. Sodium deficit was calculated prior to the treatment in all patients. An analysis of hyponatremia incidence indicates that hyponatremia was diagnosed in 1.39% of patients over 60 years, hospitalized within 1989-1990. Sodium deficit in this group was 495.5 +/- 167.7 mmol. Sodium chloride solution was given intravenously to 12 patients, according to the "free correction" principle (a mean increase in serum sodium level was 0.17 +/- 0.07 mmol/L per hour). Mortality in such treated patients was 33%. Sodium chloride was not given to 6 out of examined patients. In 12 patients (66.6%) hyponatremia developed prior to hospitalization, in 6 patients (33.3%) during hospitalization. Mortality rate was 16.6% and 50%, respectively. This confirms higher mortality rate of the rapidly developing hyponatremia in the hospitalized elderly patients. In some cases hyponatremia may constitute iatrogenic complication, especially in the elderly given diuretics in an uncontrollable way. Own experience suggests that elderly patients with a risk of hyponatremia require close monitoring and early compensation of the electrolyte disorders. Hypernatremia. The studies involved 20 patients aged 71.4 +/- 7.7 years with hypernatremia of 155.6 +/- 8.4 mmol/L. A total water deficit (DH20) was calculated in this group. An analysis of hypernatremia incidence showed that this state was diagnosed in 1.55% of patients treated at the Department of Arterial Blood Hypertension within 1989-1990. Total water deficit was 3.9 +/- 1.9 L. A 5% glucose was given intravenously to 15 patients whereas oral fluid therapy was carried out in 5 patients. A mean corrected DH2O in the first day was 46.0 +/- 21.0%. Mortality rate in this group was 65%. It is worth mentioning that 37% of patients with chronic hypernatremia which developed prior to hospitalization died while in case of the acute hypernatremia developed in the hospital mortality rate was 83%. A significant effect on the results of therapy plays an early correction of hypernatremia. Mortality rate in case of DH2o supplementation below 30% during the first 24 hours is about 66%., if DH2o supplementation is 31-60%, a mortality rate is 63%, and in DH2o supplementation over 60% mortality rate is 100%. The obtained results suggest that hypernatremia in the elderly is related to the high mortality rate (65%). An early decrease of water deficit increases mortality rate in patients with hypernatremia.
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PMID:[Hyponatremia and hypernatremia in the elderly]. 786 86

These studies examined the relationship between salt preference of adult offspring and their mothers' symptoms of morning sickness during pregnancy. College students who could provide information about their mothers' symptoms of morning sickness completed a survey about their dietary salt intake (study 1; n = 169) or rated and consumed ten snack foods (study 2; n = 66). In study 1 a salt-use score was calculated based on responses to the Salt Intake Questionnaire; offspring of women with moderate or severe vomiting reported a significantly higher level of salt use (p < 0.01) than those whose mothers report little or no symptoms. In study 2 saltiness and pleasantness ratings of high-salt foods, intake of those foods and total sodium intake were the focus of analysis. Offspring of women reporting moderate or severe vomiting showed a significantly greater preference for the snack food subjects rated as saltiest than those whose mothers reported no or mild vomiting. They also ate more of that food and consumed more total sodium during the test session. Effects were stronger in Caucasian than Asian subjects. These studies suggest that moderate to severe vomiting during pregnancy can be associated with significantly higher salt intake in offspring. Thus, a gestational event may be an important determinant of salt intake and preference in adulthood.
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PMID:Morning sickness: impact on offspring salt preference. 874 63

Human neonates are occasionally treated with diuretics, and we investigated whether this causes a long-term enhancement of salt preference. Salt preference was examined in children aged 4-11 years. Twenty one of the children had received furosemide therapy as preterm neonates, and 24 were preterm neonates from the same ward that had no furosemide therapy. No differences were found between the two groups in preferred concentration of NaCl in soup, in consumption of salty items, and in blood and urine sodium and creatinine. However, in a tested subsample, fractional excretion of sodium (FENa) was higher in the neonatally treated children, suggesting increased salt intake. Reported severity of morning sickness in the mother when pregnant with the child, the child's history of diarrhoea and vomiting and degree of dietary salt exposure were obtained by questionnaire. These variables also did not influence salt preference, or blood and urine sodium and creatinine, except for a correlation between dietary salt exposure and blood sodium concentration. We conclude that while the physiological evidence suggests increased salt intake in children treated neonatally with furosemide, more sensitive tests of salt preference at this age are required to reveal any influence early mineralofluid loss may have on salt preference in childhood.
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PMID:Neonatal diuretic therapy may not alter Children's preference for salt taste. 950 Aug 3


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