Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0042963 (vomiting)
 31,883 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This acute experiment using decerebrated dogs was a new model for studies of central and peripheral mechanisms of intestinal motility with emesis, and was undertaken to clarify the relationship between intestinal contractions and the retrograde transport of intestinal contents with emesis. Contractility of the small intestine was recorded by five force transducers. Reflux of mannitol solution injected into the small intestine through the proximal duodenum was recorded by a magnetic flow meter. Retching was induced by vagal afferent stimulation, intramuscular apomorphine, or intragastric copper sulfate. Intestinal contractility was enhanced preceding retching caused by these emetic stimuli. Characteristic contractions in the oral direction were observed in the small intestine before and during retching. These contractions originated in the caudal or middle intestine and conducted to the duodenum intermittently, rather than continuously. Reflux of mannitol solution to the proximal duodenum was observed just after the initiation of retching, and was sometimes observed repeatedly during retching. These results suggest that intestinal contents are repeatedly transported to the proximal duodenum during retching by intermittent retrograde contractions. Acute experiments using decerebrated dogs seem to be useful and essential for studies of central and peripheral mechanisms of emesis.
 ...
PMID:An acute experiment on retrograde intestinal peristalsis with emesis using decerebrated dogs. 968 4

This paper highlights the changes and additions to the 1995 guidelines produced by the Faculty of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care on the use of emergency contraception. It is stated that the IUD can now be inserted at any time during the menstrual cycle provided that the earliest episode of unprotected intercourse occurred no more than 5 days before. In addition, anti-emetics can be prescribed to patients using the Yuzpe method (combined hormonal contraception) who have experienced nausea. Some studies have shown a significant reduction in the occurrence and severity of nausea and vomiting upon the use of anti-emetics. Furthermore, patients receiving estrogen-progesterone preparation and still experiencing vomiting can be given 2 or more pills with an anti-emetic or discuss the possibility of having an IUD inserted. Among women prescribed with hormonal emergency contraception, who are taking liver enzyme inducing drugs, it is recommended that 3 tablets are taken at first, then another three tablets 12 hours later. On the other hand, advice to women lengthening the pill-free interval of combined oral contraception is presented with emphasis on missed combined pill (mid-packet), prolonged pill-free interval, and the use of the Yuzpe method and copper IUD. Moreover, advice on the simultaneous use of Persona and hormonal emergency contraception is presented.
 ...
PMID:Emergency contraception update. 988 68

Copper, zinc, selenium, and molybdenum are involved in many biochemical processes supporting life. The most important of these processes are cellular respiration, cellular utilization of oxygen, DNA and RNA reproduction, maintenance of cell membrane integrity, and sequestration of free radicals. Copper, zinc, and selenium are involved in destruction of free radicals through cascading enzyme systems. Superoxide radicals are reduced to hydrogen peroxide by superoxide dismutases in the presence of copper and zinc cofactors. Hydrogen peroxide is then reduced to water by the selenium-glutathione peroxidase couple. Efficient removal of these superoxide free radicals maintains the integrity of membranes, reduces the risk of cancer, and slows the aging process. On the other hand, excess intake of these trace elements leads to disease and toxicity; therefore, a fine balance is essential for health. Trace element--deficient patients usually present with common symptoms such as malaise, loss of appetite, anemia, infection, skin lesions, and low-grade neuropathy, thus complicating the diagnosis. Symptoms for intoxication by trace elements are general, for example, flu-like and CNS symptoms, fever, coughing, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, anemia, and neuropathy. A combination of observation, medical and dietary history, and analyses for multiple trace elements is needed to pinpoint the trace element(s) involved. Serum, plasma, and erythrocytes may be used for the evaluation of copper and zinc status, whereas only serum or plasma is recommended for selenium. Whole blood is preferred for molybdenum. When trace element levels are inconsistent with medical evaluations, a test for activity of the suspected enzyme(s) would support the differential diagnosis. Furthermore, it is important to differentiate whether trace element deficiency or toxicity is the primary cause of the disorder, or is secondary to other underlying diseases. Only successful treatment of the primary disorder will lead to complete recovery. In the event of sample contamination during collection or analysis, the physician may be misled by falsely elevated results. Royal blue top evacuated tubes containing negligibly low concentrations of the trace element or acid-washed plastic sterilized syringes should be used for blood, serum, or plasma collection. Powdered gloves must be avoided. When possible, mineral supplements are not to be administered to the patient for a minimum of 3 days prior to sample collection. Serum and plasma specimens are to be transported in acid-washed polypropylene and polyethylene tubes. Analysis is performed in a controlled environment to minimize or eliminate contamination. During analysis, all laboratory wares should be acid-washed for decontamination. A detailed description of these precautions may be found in reviews by Aitio and Jarvisalo and by Chan and Gerson. Copper and zinc analysis on serum and plasma are commonly performed by flame atomic absorption spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry, and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Serum and plasma selenium levels are determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption with Zeeman background correction and neutron activation analysis. Molybdenum levels are best determined by neutron activation and highly sensitive inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. The reader is referred to reviews by Tsalev and Jarvis.
 ...
PMID:The role of copper, molybdenum, selenium, and zinc in nutrition and health. 989 6

The objective of this study was to determine the acute gastrointestinal effects caused by the consumption of drinking water containing graded levels of added copper. Sixty healthy, adult women were randomly assigned to receive copper [Cu(II)] at four concentrations in their drinking water following a Latin-square design. Each group (n = 15) received tap water with no added copper, 1, 3, and 5 mg Cu/l of added copper sulfate for a 2-week study period, followed by 1 week of standard tap water. The subjects recorded their water consumption and gastrointestinal symptoms daily on a special form. The average daily consumption of water was 1.64 liters per subject, regardless of the amount of copper added. Final serum copper, ceruloplasmin, and liver enzymes were measured in all subjects and were not different from baseline concentrations. Twenty-one subjects (35%) recorded gastrointestinal disturbances sometime during the study, 9 had diarrhea, some with abdominal pain and vomiting, and 12 subjects presented abdominal pain, nausea, or vomiting. There was no association between copper levels in drinking water and diarrhea. However, nausea, abdominal pain, or vomiting were significantly related to copper concentrations in water. The recorded incidence rate of these symptoms was 5, 2, 17, and 15% while ingesting water with 0, 1, 3, and 5 mg Cu/l, respectively (overall [chi]2 = 11.3, p<0.01; Cu [less than/equal to]1 mg/l versus Cu [Greater than/equal to]3 mg/l, [chi]2, p<0.01). When subjects interrupted their consumption of drinking water with added copper, most symptoms disappeared. We conclude that under the conditions of the study, there was no association between aggregate copper in drinking water within the range of 0-5 mg/l and diarrhea, but a [Greater than/equal to]3 mg Cu/l level of ionized copper was associated with nausea, abdominal pain, or vomiting. Additional studies with sufficient numbers of subjects are needed to define thresholds for specific gastrointestinal symptoms with precision and to extrapolate these results to the population at large.
 ...
PMID:Acute gastrointestinal effects of graded levels of copper in drinking water. 992 6

The anti-emetic potential of CP-122,721 ((+)-2S,3S)-3-(2-methoxy-5-trifluoromethoxybenzyl)amino-2-phenylpi peridine), CP-99,994 ((+)-(2S,3S)-3-(2-methoxybenzylamino)-2-phenylpiperidine), CP-100,263 ((-)-(2R,3R)-3-(2-methoxybenzylamino)-2-phenylpiperidine), RP 67580 ((3R, 7aR)-7,7-diphenyl-2-[1-imino-2-(2-methoxyphenyl)ethyl] po-hydroisoindol-4-one), FK 888 (N2-[(4R)-4-hydroxy-1-(1-methyl-1H-in-dole-3-yl)carbonyl-L-propyl] -N-methyl-N-phenylmethyl-1-3-(2-naphthyl)-alaninamide) and GR 82334 ([D-Pro9[spiro-g-lactam]Leu10]-physalaemin-(1-11)) was investigated to inhibit nicotine (5 mg/kg, s.c.)-, copper sulphate pentahydrate (120 mg/kg, intragastric)- and motion (4 cm horizontal displacement at 1 Hz for 5 min)-induced emesis in Suncus murinus. A 30 min intraperitoneal pre-treatment with CP-122,721, CP-99,994, RP 67580 and FK 888 significantly (P < 0.05) antagonized nicotine-induced emesis with ID50 values of 2.1, 2.3, 13.5 and 19.2 mg/kg, respectively CP-100,263, the less active enantiomer of CP-99,994, was inactive at doses up to 10 mg/kg. Infusion of GR 82334, CP-122,721, CP-99,994 and FK 888 into the dorsal vagal complex of the hindbrain also antagonized nicotine-induced emesis yielding ID50 values of 1.1, 3.0, 3.3 and 58.0 microg/dorsal vagal complex, respectively RP 67580 and CP-100,263 were inactive. RP 67580 and FK 888 failed to antagonize copper sulphate-induced emesis but CP-122,721 and CP-99,994 were active yielding ID50 values of 2.2 and 3.0 mg/kg, i.p., respectively. CP-99,994 also completely prevented motion-induced emesis at 10 mg/kg, i.p. (P < 0.05) and RP 67580 produced a significant reduction of motion-induced emesis at 10 mg/kg, i.p. (P < 0.05). These studies provide evidence of a central site of action of tachykinin NK1 receptor antagonists to inhibit nicotine-induced emesis in S. murinus and confirm the broad profile of inhibitory action. The rank order of potency of the antagonists following the intra-dorsal vagal complex administration suggests that the S. murinus tachykinin NK1 receptor has a unique pharmacological profile.
 ...
PMID:Inhibition of emesis by tachykinin NK1 receptor antagonists in Suncus murinus (house musk shrew). 1008 6

We have developed a non-peptide compound, HSP-117, antagonist of the tachykinin NK-1 receptor. Binding of 3H-substance P (SP) to the membranes of IM-9 cells was inhibited by the antagonists HSP-117 and CP-99,994, the inhibitory activity of HSP-117 being about 50-fold that of CP-99,994. The SP-induced firing responses of single neuron activity in slices of the nucleus tractus solitarius of ferrets were inhibited by 10 microM HSP-117. Intracerebroventricular injection of HSP-117 significantly inhibited retching and vomiting induced by copper sulphate and morphine and the inhibitory effect of HSP-117 on emesis was greater than that of CP-99,994. These results indicate that (1) HSP-117 is a potent anti-emetic agent, blocking NK-1 receptors in the nucleus tractus solitarius and (2) NK-1 receptors in the nucleus tractus solitarius play an important role in emesis induced by broad-spectrum emetic stimuli.
 ...
PMID:Anti-emetic effects of a novel NK-1 receptor antagonist HSP-117 in ferrets. 1021 84

A 1.5-year-old Dalmatian was examined because of vomiting, weight loss, and high serum activities of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase. Abdominal ultrasonography revealed normal appearing hepatic structure with echogenicity, but histologic examination of hepatic biopsy specimens revealed extensive necrosis of hepatocytes involving the centrilobular areas. Macrophages and remaining hepatocytes contained pigments that were positive for copper by rubeanic acid-staining and hepatic copper concentration was high. The dog was treated with crystalloid fluids, antibiotics, and a low copper diet; its condition deteriorated, and the dog was euthanatized. Primary copper storage disease was suspected on the basis of histologic findings and high copper concentration in the liver.
 ...
PMID:Copper associated acute hepatic failure in a dog. 1034 76

Bioassay-guided fractionation of anti-emetic extracts and constituents of 8 traditional Chinese herbal drugs was performed. Twenty extracts described in Table 1 showed anti-emetic activity on copper sulfate induced-emesis in young chicks. From the n-hexane extract of Pogostemon cablin, patchouli alcohol (1), pogostol (2), stigmast-4-en-3-one (3), retusin (4), and pachypodol (5) were tested and exhibited anti-emetic effects.
 ...
PMID:Anti-emetic principles of Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth. 1037 46

Copper can induce acute and chronic intoxications in humans. Copper in tap water has caused a series of severe systemic diseases in Germany in recent years (copper induced liver cirrhosis). Besides cirrhosis, another type of disease with predominantly gastrointestinal symptoms has occurred which likewise appeared to be induced by copper in tap water. - In a retrospective investigation we looked for additional indications and proof that chronic copper poisoning has been the cause of the observed gastrointestinal diseases. All patients suffering from this type of disease had copper plumbing in their houses. - The patients (children and adults) suffered from nausea, vomiting, colic, and diarrhoea. In the group of infants, one refused formula milk (prepared with tap water) and the others suffered from persistent restlessness, unexplainable screaming (especially at night) and/or long lasting diaper rash. - We accept the diagnosis of chronic copper intoxication as the cause of the gastrointestinal symptoms when at least one of the following criteria were fulfilled: 1. first manifestation, remission and relapse of the disease depend on intake and a non-intake of water containing copper, respectively. 2. hypercupric state of the patients (i.e. pathological high concentrations of the non-ceruloplasmin-bound copper in serum and/or elevated copper levels in urine) 3. signs of systemic copper intoxication in the same patient 4. signs of systemic copper intoxication or hypercupric states in members of the patient s family or in his neighbourhood (non-relatives) - We found that the disease can even be caused by copper concentrations below the allowed concentration given by the German Guidelines for Drinking Water (Trinkwasserverordnung). - The data prove that copper in drinking water can cause gastrointestinal diseases and not only the better known systemic diseases (i.e. copper induced liver cirrhosis). Copper poisoning must be considered as a possible cause of chronic gastrointestinal diseases in those countries in which copper plumbing is common.
 ...
PMID:Chronic poisoning by copper in tap water: I. Copper intoxications with predominantly gastointestinal symptoms. 1057 26

Substance P (SP) is a member of the tachykinin family of bioactive peptides and has highest affinity for the NK-1 receptor. We have developed the non-peptide compound HSP-117 as a selective antagonist of the NK-1 receptor. Binding of 3H-SP to the membranes of IM-9 cells was inhibited by the antagonists HSP-117 and CP-99,994, the inhibitory activity of HSP-117 being 50-fold that of CP-99,994. The SP-induced firing responses of single neuron activity in slices of the nucleus tractus solitarius of ferrets were inhibited by 10 microM HSP-117. Intracerebroventricular injection of HSP-117 significantly inhibited retching and vomiting induced by copper sulphate and morphine and the inhibitory effect of HSP-117 on emesis was greater than that of CP-99,994. Moreover, emesis induced by copper sulphate and morphine were inhibited by the microinjection of HSP-117 and CP-99,994 into the area postrema and by lesion of the area postrema. These results indicate that HSP-117 is a potent anti-emetic agent, blocking NK-1 receptors in the area postrema and that NK-1 receptors in the area postrema play an important role in emesis induced by broad-spectrum emetic stimuli.
 ...
PMID:[The role of tachykinin NK-1 receptors in emetic action in the area postrema of ferrets]. 1062 82


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>