Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0042963 (vomiting)
 31,883 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

It has been shown that dimethpramide, a new Soviet-made antiemetic belonging to the group of substituted benzamides, effectively prevents the emetic action of L-DOPA and apomorphine in dogs (the ED50 is 0.04 and 0.12 mg/kg, respectively). When given in doses of 10-25 mg/kg dimethpramide suppresses vomiting induced by adrenaline, histamine, strophanthine, sodium salicylate, and copper sulfate. The drug exerts a selective dopamine-blocking action on the receptors of the triggering zone of the vomiting center without producing any substantial action on the dopaminergic brain systems that regulate behavioral activity.
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PMID:[Antiemetic activity of dimetpramid]. 654 25

Postcoital contraception (PC) has become more effective in recent years and is recommended for women who have had unprotected coitus between the 8th and 17th days of their cycles. Vaginal douche using a spermicide solution is ineffective as it has resulted in a 37% pregnancy rate. Estrogens are far more effective: Diethylstilbestrol (DES), taken in doses of 25-50 mg daily for 5 days, e.g., 10 mg of conjugated estrogens 3 times daily, and 2.5 mg ethinyl estradiol 2 times daily for 5 days 24-72 hours after coitus, has resulted in a .5-1.5% pregnancy rate. Side effects, however, include nausea, vomiting, mastalgia, menorrhagia, extrauterine pregnancy, and adenocarcinoma in daughters of DES-treated women. Gestagens, such as .15-.40 mg of d-norgestrel taken 3 hours after coitus, can be used as a form of planned PC. In an experiment, an estrogen-gestagen preparation consisting of 50 mcg ethinyl estradiol and 500 mcg dl-norgestrel taken 12-72 hours after coitus produced a .9% pregnancy rate in 1300 menstrual cycles with few serious side effects. Copper 7 or copper-T IUDs also prevent the implantation of the fertilized egg, and, when used within 5 days after coitus, produced only 1 pregnancy in 727 cases. The ideal future PC would be a preparation that inhibits either ovulation or nidation and has limited side effects. Among some promising agents are a luteinizing hormone-releasing factor agonist as well as natural and synthetic prostaglandins; however, until their cardiovascular and gastrointestinal side effects have been ameliorated, their routine use is unlikely.
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PMID:[Postcoital contraception]. 661 4

Bile duct obstruction was induced in 6 cats by surgical ligation and transection of the common bile duct. Clinical and laboratory changes were monitored weekly for 25 to 54 days. Clinical signs of obstruction were similar in all cats and included anorexia, pyrexia, lethargy, intermittent vomiting, weight loss, palpable gallbladder, hepatomegaly, and bleeding tendencies. Tissue jaundice and acholic feces were evident grossly as early as postsurgical day (PSD) 4 with a mean onset of jaundice at PSD 5.3 +/- 0.4. Hematologic changes were initially characterized by a mild neutrophilic leukocytosis that increased with the chronicity of bile duct obstruction. Regenerative anemia developed in 4 cats associated with gastrointestinal blood loss. Acute serum biochemical changes were characterized by a marked increase in the mean values of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, total cholesterol, and copper. Comparatively, only moderate increases in mean serum alkaline phosphatase activity were observed. Mean total bilirubin values increased remarkably at postsurgical week (PSW) 1, reaching a maximal value of 23.1 +/- 4.4 mg/dl at PSW 3 with 71.6 +/- 2.7% direct bilirubin. With chronicity of bile duct obstruction ranging from PSW 3 to PSW 7, the mean serum values of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, total cholesterol, serum alkaline phosphatase, and total and direct bilirubin stabilized and then declined, whereas the increased mean serum copper values persisted. At PSD 25 to 54, hepatic copper values and serum bile acids were markedly increased. Seemingly, clinicopathologic changes of induced cholestatic hepatic injury depended largely on the duration of biliary obstruction.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Hematologic and biochemical abnormalities associated with induced extrahepatic bile duct obstruction in the cat. 663 41

A 5-year-old male Bedlington terrier was found to have haemoglobinuria from intravascular haemolysis. The owners reported also recent vomiting, occasional diarrhoea, reduced activity and increased drinking and urination. A diagnosis of inherited copper storage disease, as previously described in this breed, was established by demonstrating characteristic light and electron microscopic changes and copper content of 7, 717 micrograms/g in biopsied liver. Treatment by chelation with d-penicillamine and a low copper diet was instituted and the dog remains well 10 months later. Intravascular haemolysis is rare in dogs and an uncommon finding in Bedlington terriers with copper storage disease.
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PMID:Copper storage disease with intravascular haemolysis in a Bedlington terrier. 665 69

A 27-year old woman admitted to the hospital after 5 days of vaginal bleeding at 12 weeks gestation had had a copper-T IUD inserted 10 months previously. The IUD string was no longer visible at pregnancy testing. Prior to admission she had experienced lower abdominal pain, increasingly heavy vaginal bleeding, fever, malaise, chills, and vomiting. Intravenous ampicillin and metronidazole were commenced and the uterus was evacuated under a general anesthetic. The copper-T was removed from the uterine cavity. A uterine swab at operation and preoperative blood cultures grew E. coli. A moderate degree of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) was indicated by a coagulation profile. The case demonstrates that the copper-T may be associated with intrauterine sepsis and DIC. In the 1st trimester the risk of abortion following removal of a device is near 30%, while the rate of abortion for women in whom the string is no longer visible is near 48%. Patients presenting with pregnancy in the presence of an IUD and symptoms of sepsis should have the uterus evacuated under suitable antibiotic cover.
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PMID:Septic abortion in an IUCD user. 676 7

Uterine perforation is known to be associated with IUD use. Usually the perforation occurs upon insertion, but the IUD can become embedded in the uterus and later be forced through the wall by uterine contractions. On occasion, IUDs have been noted in abdominal viscera, most often the sigmoid colon. Recently, a 20-year-old black woman was encountered whose Copper-7 IUD had perforated her appendix and had caused chronic appendicitis during pregnancy. The woman had had 3 live-born children and 1 spontaneous abortion. The Copper-7 had been inserted 6 months previously without apparent difficulty. At 21 weeks' gestation, the patient developed right lower abdominal pain radiating to the right buttock. She had no other gastrointestinal complaints, was afebrile, and exhibited no abnormal physical findings to explain her symptoms. Urine cultures were negative. 12 weeks later, the patient developed nausea, vomiting, anorexia, and constipation. She was again afebrile. After spontaneous labor at 40 weeks, the patient was delivered of a normal male infant. Following spontaneous expulsion of the placenta, the uterus was manually explored, and no IUD was found. The patient desired postpartum tubal ligation. An x-ray film of the abdomen revealed a Copper-7 IUD in the right lower quadrant at the level of the iliac crest. During the operation, it was noted that the IUD had apparently perforated the uterus 1 centimeter below the right uterotubal junction. The strings were in the myometrium, but the body of the IUD had passed transversely through the lumen of the appendix and remained embedded in it. The IUD may have induced inflammation in an otherwise normal appendix, and this seems most likely particularly because copper-containing IUDs are prone to cause irritation and adhesion formation.
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PMID:Appendiceal perforation by Copper-7 intrauterine contraceptive device. 729 85

Domperidone is the prototype of a new chemical class of compounds with potent gastrokinetic properties. The present study reports on the antiemetic activity and safety of domperidone in dogs. The lowest ED50-values protecting from apomorphine (0.31 mg/kg s.c.) induced emesis are 0.003 mg/kg intravenously, 0.007 mg/kg subcutaneously, 0.03 mg/kg orally and 0.10 mg/kg rectally. Emesis induced by i.v. hydergine, s.c. morphine and oral levodopa is also prevented by low doses of intravenous domperidone, whereas oral copper sulphate-induced emesis is not antagonized. The doses of domperidone needed to induce central depressant effects in dogs (inhibition of conditioned reactions) are at least 300 times higher than the antiemetic doses (apomorphine-induced emesis). Domperidone is also devoid of sedative, adrenolytic and cardiovascular side-effects. The LD50-values in dogs are 42.7 mg/kg intravenously, and more than 160 mg/kg subcutaneously and orally.
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PMID:The antiemetic effects of domperidone, a novel potent gastrokinetic. 741 83

Copper is an essential micronutrient and a potential toxic metal. The USEPA current maximum contaminant level goal (MCLG, a nonenforceable aspirational health goal) and the required treatment technique action level, both set at 1.3 mg/liter of copper are not adequately protective for infants and children under 10 years of age. Infants and children up to 10 years of age have increased susceptibility to copper toxicity. The two main reasons for the high sensitivity in this population subgroup are the presence of a normally high concentration of copper in the liver during early life and the lack of a fully developed homeostatic mechanism of copper in children under 10 years of age. This sensitive group of infants and children represents approximately 17% of the total U.S. population. The adverse health effects caused by drinking water contaminated with copper are abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, and dizziness. The proposed drinking water guideline of 0.3 mg/liter for copper was derived by the application of the risk assessment procedures approved by the USEPA. Drinking water containing 0.3 mg/liter of copper will provide approximately 26% of the nutritional requirement of copper. This proposed drinking water guideline (0.3 mg/liter) for copper will adequately protect health of infants, children, and adults.
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PMID:Need to revise the national drinking water regulation for copper. 866 36

In the ferret, 5-HT3 receptor antagonists are effective in controlling emesis produced by cytotoxic agents or radiation. To investigate the possibility that substance P has a role, as well as 5-HT, in the emetic reflex pathway, we have examined the anti-emetic effects of a NK1 receptor antagonist (racemic CP-99,994) in the ferret. Racemic CP-99,994 was effective against a range of emetogens, comprising cytotoxic drugs, radiation, morphine, ipecacuanha and copper sulphate.
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PMID:Anti-emetic profile of a non-peptide neurokinin NK1 receptor antagonist, CP-99,994, in ferrets. 750 63

It was found out in experiments on the pigeons that the destruction of serotoninergic neurons of the brain after preliminary introduction (intraventricular) of 5,6-dihydroxytriptamin blocked the development mechanism of emesis evoked by cisplatin and radiation action, but increased readiness to the development of emetic reaction evoked by apomorphine. On the other hand the destruction of dopaminergic neurons of the brain by 6-hydroxydopamine did not cause emetic condition by introduction emetic-causing substances (apomorphine, cisplatin, copper sulphate) and by X-ray even with a dose, which ensures 100% emetic effect (ED100) on the control group of pigeons. The mechanism of dopamine and serotonin participation in the neurochemical organization of the emetic mechanism is discussed.
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PMID:[Correlation of dopamine and serotoninergic components in the neurochemical organization of the emetic mechanism]. 771 17


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