Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0042963 (vomiting)
 31,883 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Sensitivities of the stomach and duodenum to oral copper sulfate emesis were compared in dogs. 1) Dogs equipped with a stainless stell cannula in the middle of the duodenum were challenged to the oral threshold emetic dose of copper sulfate administered by a gastric tube. When the cannulas were opened, the oral thresholds were not effective to elicit vomiting in the most cases (1/13). Fairly rapid and high rate recoveries of copper through the open cannula were noted. With the closed cannulas, the thresholds were highly effective (16/16). 2)In the dogs with a cannula at the upper part of the jejunum, the oral threshold doses were always effective whether the canula was opened (9/9) or closed (11/11). Recovery rates of copper from the cannula were usually poor. 3) The oral thresholds administered into the proximal end or the middle of the duodenum through a PVC tubing were equally effective. 4) Although copper sulfate might irritate the stomach and upper duodenum to evoke vomiting, these results suggested a higher sensitivity of the lower duodenum.
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PMID:Site of emetic action of oral copper sulfate in dogs. (II) Importance of lower duodenum. 74 5

1 The protective effects of the intracerebroventicular (i.c.v.) administration of the H1-receptor antagonist, mepyramine and the H2-receptor antagonists, burimamide and metiamide on centrally induced histamine-emesis were studied in unanaesthetized dogs. 2 The PD50 values of intraventricular mepyramine, burimamide and metiamide against the 100% emetic dose of histamine (3.0 mg i.c.v.) were found to be approximately 200 mug, 20 mug and 20 mug respectively. 3 Although burimamide (i.c.v. or i.v.) afforded protection against histamine-induced emesis, there was no protection against intravenous apomorphine-or oral copper sulphate-induced emesis. 4 The results suggest that both H1- and H2-histamine receptors in the emetic chemoreceptor trigger zone of the area postrema are concerned in histamine-induced emesis.
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PMID:Nature of histamine receptors in the emetic chemoreceptor trigger zone. 93 95

Adult cats were administered oral threshold doses of copper sulfate every week. As the cats vomited in 70 out out 80 cases, the reproducibility was 88%. Peripheral vomiting threshold dose was 40 mg/head or less, while the threshold dose for oral copper sulfate emesis after T4 transection and vagotomy was more than 160 mg/head. The following method is thus proposed for application in evaluating an antimetic for oral copper sulfate. Adult cats are to be given the emetic once a week. The threshold dose should be determined in three dose levels; 10, 20, 40 mg/head. The cats with a threshold of more than 40 mg or latency of less than 5 min or of more than 45 min are to be excluded. Inhibition of emesis or a considerable prolongation of latency is the sign of an antimetic action. A positive action of an antiemetic must be followed by another test with the threshold dose of copper sulfate alone. If the cat does not respond to the threshold dose after 2 administrations, the case must be excluded. It is considered positive when 3 cases are inhibited among 4 or more than 50% among more than 5.
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PMID:[Reproducibility of emesis by orally administrated copper sulfate in cats]. 98 87

Long marketed antiemetics, which are still used in medicine or veterinary medicine and whose sites of actions were either assumed to be peripheral or unknown, were subjected to evaluation as antiemetics, against oral copper sulfate emesis. In cats, ethyl aminobenzoate 0.5 g/head, cerium oxalate 0.1 g/head, pinelliae tuber 0.5 g/head and gelatin 2.0 g/head were not effective. In dogs, ethyl aminobenzoate 0.5 g/head, pinelliae tuber 2.0 g/head and hange-syasintoo 2.0 g/head were not effective. Cerium oxalate 0.1 g/head was found to have a slight antiemetic action.
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PMID:[Effectiveness of several antiemetics in vomiting induced by orally administrated copper sulfate in cats and dogs]. 98 88

A new compound, dl-cis-1-benzoyloxy-2-dimethylamino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalane (YAU-17) was found to produce sciatic nerve block, corneal and intradermal anesthesia in guinea-pigs, which markedly exceeded the effect of procaine and lidocaine. YAU-17, when given orally to mice, was much less toxic than any other drugs tested, though YAU-17 showed a considerably high acute toxicity by i.v. route. Oral administration of YAU-17 was effective in antagonizing the emetic response of dogs to intragastric phenylalanine isopropyl ester, but produced no distinct inhibition against vomiting elicited by oral copper sulfate. Furthermore, it possessed a spasmolytic activity which was comparable to that of papaverine, and showed an effect of suppressing the mucosal intrinsic reflex in the dog intestine. These pharmacological properties of YAU-17 were qualitatively similar to those of oxetacaine which was used as one of the reference compounds.
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PMID:Pharmacological studies on a new 1-benzoyloxy-alkylaminocycloalkane derivative (YAU-17) with special reference to its mucosa anesthetic activity. 98 56

Twelve dogs were administered oral threshold doses of copper sulfate every week. In 66 out of 85 cases, dogs vomited. One dog vomited in 1st and 2nd tests, but did not respond in the other 6 tests. Excluding this one, the reproducibility was 82%. The following method is thus proposed for application in evaluating an antiemetic for oral copper sulfate. Small dogs, weighing 7-14 kg, are to be kept in a constant condition during the quarantine and tests and given the emetic once a week. The threshold dose is determined in three dose levels; 20, 40, 80 mg/head. The dogs with a threshold of more than 80 mg or latency of less than 5 min or of more than 45 min are to be excluded. Inhibition of emesis or a considerable prolongation of latency is the sign of an antiemetic action. A positive action of an antiemetic must be followed by another test with the threshold dose of copper sulfate alone. If the dog does not respond to the threshold dose after 2 administrations, the case must be excluded. To evaluate an antiemetic at least 5 cases are needed. Inhibition of more than 50% appears to be the positive response.
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PMID:[Reproducibility of copper sulfate emesis by oral administration in dogs]. 116 92

Under control (intact and laparotomized) conditions, arterial pressure of urethan-anesthetized ferrets rose significantly in response to intragastric copper sulfate (CuSO4; 10 ml of 5 mg/ml). CuSO4 was emetic 75-90% of the time, and a cardiovascular response always immediately preceded and accompanied emetic responses. The cardiovascular response was significantly reduced or abolished by hexamethonium (0.35 mg/kg) pretreatment combined with atropine methyl bromide (1 mg/kg). Addition of the alpha 2-receptor antagonist 2,3-dichloro-alpha-methylbenzylamine HCl (DCMB, 10 mg/kg) and the beta-receptor antagonist propranolol (3 mg/kg) to the hexamethonium and atropine combination prevented its reduction of the cardiovascular response. Given individually, these agents did not alter cardiovascular response, nor did yohimbine (0.30 mg/kg), RS(+/-)-zacopride (0.30 mg/kg), or granisetron (0.50 mg/kg). Only RS(+/-)-zacopride significantly reduced incidence of emesis. Atropine methyl bromide alone, with hexamethonium, or with hexamethonium, propranolol, and DCMB significantly delayed the first emetic episode. Conversely, bilateral abdominal vagotomy significantly reduced the number of vomiting animals without affecting cardiovascular response. These results suggest that the neural pathways mediating the two events are not identical. In another series of experiments, a significantly greater proportion of animals vomited in response to intragastric CuSO4 than to intraduodenal CuSO4, suggesting that the primary site of CuSO4 action in the ferret is the stomach.
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PMID:Surgical and pharmacological dissociation of cardiovascular and emetic responses to intragastric CuSO4. 135 43

The effect of acute ethanol administration into the cerebral ventricles on the unanesthetized cat upon emesis produced by norepinephrine and clonidine injected similarly as well as upon emesis evoked by copper sulfate given orally was compared and investigated. Ethanol inhibited the norepinephrine- and clonidine-induced emesis. The inhibitory effect of ethanol occurred after a transient and inconsistent emetic action of the drug. Norepinephrine-induced emesis was about 12 times more sensitive than clonidine-induced emesis to the inhibitory effect of ethanol. In addition, norepinephrine-, but not clonidine-induced emesis was abolished after ablation of the area postrema. On the contrary, intracerebroventricular ethanol had virtually no effect on emesis caused by intragastric copper sulfate. The inhibitory effect of ethanol is ascribed to an action on alpha-2 adrenoceptors within the area postrema and on imidazoline-preferring sites and/or muscarinic cholinoceptors outside the area postrema, but not on the emetic region of the brainstem reticular formation. It follows then that ethanol can differentiate alpha-2 adrenoceptors from imidazoline-preferring sites and/or muscarinic cholinoceptors in the brain of the cat.
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PMID:Differential inhibition by ethanol of norepinephrine- and clonidine-induced emesis in cats. 141 63

Using kaolin intake as a behavioral index of emesis in rats, we examined the relationship between susceptibility to motion sickness and to emesis induced by apomorphine or copper sulfate. Rats showed a wide variation in susceptibility to motion sickness. Significant positive correlations were found between susceptibility to motion sickness and to emesis induced by intraperitoneal administration of apomorphine and by oral administration of copper sulfate. Motion, apomorphine and copper sulfate induce emesis through different receptors, so these findings suggest that the sensitivity of a common locus of emesis, presumably the emetic center in the brain stem, is one determinant of individual differences in susceptibility to motion sickness.
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PMID:Vestibular, central and gastral triggering of emesis. A study on individual susceptibility in rats. 148 62

The antiemetic effects of a novel serotonin3 receptor antagonist, DAT-582 [(6R)-(-)-N-[1-methyl-4-(3-methylbenzyl)hexahydro-1H-1,4- diazepin-6-yl]-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide dihydrochloride] were compared with those of the existing serotonin3 receptor antagonists, ondansetron and granisetron, in experimental animals. In ferrets, DAT-582 (0.003-0.1 mg/kg i.v. twice) dose-relatedly prolonged the latency to the first emetic episode and decreased the number of emetic episodes induced by cisplatin (10 mg/kg i.v.). DAT-582 was more potent than ondansetron or granisetron in inhibiting the emesis. The emesis induced by cyclophosphamide (150 mg/kg i.v.), doxorubicin (15 mg/kg i.v.) or combination of cisplatin (3.3 mg/kg i.v.), cyclophosphamide (50 mg/kg i.v.) and doxorubicin (5 mg/kg i.v.) was also inhibited by DAT-582 (0.1 mg/kg i.v., twice). When administered 2 hr before cisplatin in ferrets, DAT-582 decreased markedly the number of emetic episodes induced by cisplatin at 0.1 mg/kg i.v., whereas ondansetron and granisetron were without effect even at 0.3 mg/kg i.v. DAT-582 (0.1 mg/kg i.v.), when administered in the ferrets which were vomiting after cisplatin, immediately and almost completely blocked the subsequent emesis. Furthermore, DAT-582 (0.1 mg/kg i.v.) completely inhibited the cisplatin (3 mg/kg i.v.)-induced emesis for 24 hr after cisplatin in three of five dogs. In addition, DAT-582, at 0.3 and 1 mg/kg, p.o., inhibited the cisplatin-induced emesis in dogs. However, DAT-582, even at 3 mg/kg s.c., did not inhibit the apomorphine (0.3 mg/kg,, s.c.)-induced emesis in dogs, or the nicotine-, copper sulfate- or motion stimulus-induced emesis in the house musk shrew, Suncus Murinus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:DAT-582, a novel serotonin3 receptor antagonist, is a potent and long-lasting antiemetic agent in the ferret and dog. 153 32


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