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Query: UMLS:C0042963 (vomiting)
 31,883 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Purified C. perfringens type A enterotoxin fed orally in an amount of 5 mg caused both vomiting and diarrhea in the monkey only when the gastric juice had been neutralized. Exposure of enterotoxin to pH 4.0 or below rapidly destroyed the activity. All three monkeys receiving sodium bicarbonate and 2.4 X 10(10) viable cells grown in DS medium developed diarrhea, and only one of them vomited once. The diarrhea lasted for 13, 18 and 19 hr. The symptoms were similar to those reported in human cases of C. perfringens food poisoning. These results have verified the general notion that C. perfringens food poisoning should be categorized as a true "intravital intoxication". The reversed passive hemagglutination test detected enterotoxin directly in most fecal samples. This method may be applicable for diagnosis of human cases of C. perfringens food poisoning. Neither enterotoxin nor anti-enterotoxin was detected in serum samples taken from any monkey up to 21 days after the challenge. We are tempted to conclude, therefore, that no significant amount of C. perfringens enterotoxin is absorbed from the intestine.
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PMID:Experimental diarrhea in cynomolgus monkeys by oral administration with Clostridium perfringens type A viable cells or enterotoxin. 0 May 25

Own data and analysis of previous publications show that situations where accidental ingestion of corrosive substances by children may have happened are frequent, but severe corrosive esophagitis leading to perforation or stricture formation is very rare. In case of suspected esophageal injury, esophagoscopy and glucocorticoid treatment become necessary. The evaluation of the initial symptoms in patients from our own material and from the literature indicates that all children with serious esophageal burns had one or more of the following symptoms: visible burns in the oral cavity, hypersalivation, retching, vomiting, retrosternal or epigastric pain, cardiovascular collaps, airway stenosis. Hence, children with an uncertain history of ingestion and without any of these symptoms need not be treated. After ingestion of liquid substances, but never of dry or granular products, lesions in the esophagus without accompanying burns in the oral cavity were observed. The evaluation of 1158 cases of accidental ingestions of several types of household products and a collection of data from the literature on the causticity of these substances shows that cleaners containing mainly detergents and phosphates (with pH values generally between 9 and 11), and household bleaches on sodium hypochlorite basis, are relatively harmless. Drain cleaners (NaOH), decalcifiers (formic acid) and detergents for automatic dish washing machines (metasilicates) are very caustic and are responsible for the majority of serious accidents in children.
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PMID:Local injuries by accidental ingestion of corrosive substances by children. 2 63

Classic renal tubular acidosis is characterized by a primary defect in establishment of a large hydrogen ion gradient across the distal renal tubule. Thus the development of hyperchlorenic metabolic acidosis follows. In addition, hypokalemia results from renal potassium wasting secondary hyperaldosteronism from sodium wasting and contraction of the extracellular fluid. The presenting signs and symptoms are growth retardation, fatigue, periodic paralysis, polyuria, polydipsia, vomiting and constipation as well as nephrocalcinosis and nephrolithiasis. It is suggested that effective treatment with alkali therapy requires markedly higher doses than formerly recommended, and may related to a higher rate of endogenous acid production from (1) intermediary metabolism of sulfur amino acids and organic acids, (2) impaired tubular reabsorption of bicarbonate and (3) hydrogen ion release from hydroxyapatite formation. It is also suggested that acidosis may interfere with vitamin D metabolism and thus play an important role in the pathoetiology of the growth failure in children with this disorder.
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PMID:Acid-base, calcium, potassium and aldosterone metabolism in renal tubular acidosis. 3 60

The use of sucrose in oral rehydration therapy solutions in place of glucose was tested in 18 patients, 17 males and 1 female, admitted for treatment of severe dehydration due to diarrhea and vomiting. 13 of these patients were positive for cholera (1 with untyped vibrio), whereas 4 others cultured no recognizable pathogen. Patients received an average 1100 ml of intravenous fluids to keep the intravenous drip open during the oral therapy period, and the intravenous therapy was stopped or slowed during oral (or nasogastric) therapy. Average patient age was 32 years. Oral solutions contained either 48 or 38 gm of sucrose per liter plus (in all solutions) sodium chloride (4.2 gm/liter), sodium bicarbonate (2 gm/liter), and potassium citrate (2.7 gm/liter). Of the 18 patients, 15 could be maintained using this solution, but 3 developed massive increases in net fluid losses with increases in plasma specific gravity, which necessitated terminating the therapy. In these failure cases, plasma specific gravity increased over 1.031. Stool samples of 12 patients tested were found to contain reducing sugar: prehydrolysis 436 mg/100 ml, posthydrolysis 957 mg/100 ml. The breakdown of sucrose by intestinal enzymes or by bacteria accounts for the presence of reducing sugar in the stool. These data contrast with the rarity of treatment failures of oral glucose therapy; therefore, glucose is the preferable component in oral rehydration electrolyte solution therapy.
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PMID:Sucrose in oral therapy for cholera and related diarrhoeas. 4 61

The authors report the case of a 58 year old female patient with rheumatoid arthritis. About 4 hours after each intramuscular injection of Myochrysin (Sodium-auro-thiomalate 5%) she showed undesired reactions such as sialorrhea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, apathy, weakness, head ache, breast swelling, perspiration, feeling of incident death. The following day these symptoms declined, the joint pain, however, increased. The reaction recurred with each of the 5 Sodium-auro-thiomalate injections, but not after injections of 5% Solganal (Aurothioglucose). It is supposed that these side effects are connected with the quick absorption of the Sodium-auro-thiomalate in aqueous solution. The Aurothioglucose in oil suspension would not cause such reactions after an intramuscular injection because of its slower absorption.
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PMID:[Reactions against sodium-auro-thiomalate in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis]. 11 3

An accurate and relatively simple radioimmunoassay for the determination of aldosterone concentration in peripheral plasma has been developed, 0.5-2.0 ml plasma with added [1,2-3H]aldosterone is extracted with dichloromethane. Purification of the extract is achieved by thin later chromatography in the system benzene-acetone 1:1. Recovery of [1,2-3H] aldosterone is 58 +/- 6 (SD)%. Bound and free fractions are separated by dextran-coated charcoal. The intra-assay reproducibility is 8.8% and the inter-assay reproducibility varies from 11.4-16.1%. The sensitivity of the assay for a 5 ml plasma sample can be put at 0.2 ng/100 ml. Normal values determined in 52 healthy children of different age groups are presented. Furthermore the aldosterone stimulating effect of low sodium diet (17 children), severe and prolonged vomiting (19 children) and synthetic ACTH (10 children) has been studied by our modified method.
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PMID:Determination of plasma aldosterone in children by thin layer chromatography and radioimmunoassay. 17 68

A 17-year-old women received 12,000 rads of alpha-particle radiation for the treatment of Cushing's disease. One day after the completion of therapy, the patient developed nausea, vomiting, headache, and postural hypotension. Laboratory evaluation demonstrated a marked fall of the previously elevated urinary 17-hydroxycorticosteroids (17-OHCS) and undetectable plasma cortisols. The urinary 17-OHCS transiently returned to supranormal levels but over a 2 1/2-week period decreased and then remained low. The patient also demonstrated a subnormal urinary aldosterone excretion in relation to plasma renin activity (PRA) during 10 mEq/24 h sodium restriction. The remainder of the endocrine evaluation was normal, suggesting that pituitary function otherwise remained intact. One and one-half years after alpha-particle therapy, the patients's urinary 17-OHCS were normal and responded normally to metyrapone. The relationship between urinary aldosterone excretion and PRA also was normal. It is postulated that there was an infarction of an ACTH secreting pituitary tumor leaving the remainder of the pituitary intact. Achronically elevated circulating level of ACTH with sudden loss of ACTH secretion appeared to have been responsible for the initial low urinary aldosterone as well as the low urinary 17-OHCS. This is the first reported case of a presumed pituitary tumor infarction in association with alpha-particle pituitary radiation.
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PMID:Rapid appearance of transient secondary adrenocortical insufficiency after alpha-particle radiation therapy for Cushing's disease. 18 95

The outcome of administering ORT (oral rehydration therapy) to 62 infants admitted to a Costa Rican hospital with acute rotavirus or bacterial diarrheas and with 5-10% dehydration was described. 94% of the infants were successfully treated by administering only ORT. There were no significant differences in the success rates for rotavirus diarrhea patients and for various bacterial diarrhea patients. Success rates were 92% for rotavirus patients, 93% for Escherichia coli patients, 96% for idiopathic diarrhea patients, and 100% for salmonella and shigella patients. Upon admission, the average duration of diarrhea was 2.9 days, vomiting was present 88% of the cases, and all patients exhibited some signs of dehydration. The infants were administered the oral formula recommended by the World Health Organization. Patients received 400 ml of oral solution followed by 200 ml of water. The treatment was repeated until skin tuger was normal. 34% of the infants were rehydrated within 6 hours and 76% within 20 hours. Patients were admitted with a variety of electrolyte abnormalies. 24% had hyponatraemia, 27% had hypokalaemia, and 23% had hypernatraemia. Sodium levels were improved within 24 hours for all patients except for 5 hyponataemia patients. Although rotavirus patients had higher stool glucose concentrations than the other patients, they apparently absorbed enough of the solution to rehydrate successfully. Specific data on changes in weight, plasma protins, hematocrit, blood composition, and stool composition and on therapeutic failures was provided. Investigators concluded that ORT was a safe and effective form of therapy for both rotavirus and bacterial diarrhea and for severe cases of dehydration.
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PMID:Oral rehydration and maintenance of children with rotavirus and bacterial diarrhoeas. 22 48

Electrolyte disturbances in leukemia can be the result of the disease process or drug therapy. One group of electrolyte abnormalities is related to the stage of the leukemic process. Included in this group are newly diagnosed patients who may show elevated serum potassium, phosphorus, and magnesium--a result of their release from malignant cells after cytotoxic therapy or their accumulation due to urate nephropathy. Patients in remission usually have normal serum electrolyte concentrations, but acute leukemia patients during relapse may have hypokalemia, hypophosphatemia, and hypomagnesemia. This imbalance may be related to cellular uptake of these electrolytes in the presence of inadequate dietary intake. Other factors contributing to electrolyte derangements, and related to the leukemic process, include hyponatremia and hypochloremia secondary to the SIADH, hypokalemia in acute monocytic or acute myelomonocytic leukemia due to lysozyme-induced tubular damage, hypercalcemia possibly secondary to leukemic infiltration of bone or parathyroid glands (with PTH release), or production of a PTH-like substance by leukemic cells. Nonspecific factors related to the disease process which may aggravate the electrolyte imbalance include gastrointestinal loss through nausea, vomiting, and malnutrition. The drug-related electrolyte abnormalities include cyclophosphamide- and vincristine-induced SIADH; decreased serum sodium, chloride, potassium, and calcium concentrations as a result of polymyxin B nephrotoxicity; hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia secondary to amphotericin B; hypocalcemia, hypophosphatemia, and hyperphosphaturia due to L-asparaginase-induced hypoparathyroidism; hypokalemia due to a nonreabsorbable anion effect of antibiotics in the distal tubule or changes in membrane ionic transport of all cells by large doses of antibiotics. Electrolyte disturbance in leukemia thus have a multifactorial pathogenesis which can best be delineated according to the stage of the leukemic process and the drugs being used. Recognition of the cause or causes in a particular patient is essential for an effective approach to management. This review emphasizes the need for routine measurement of serum electrolytes during all phases of the leukemic process.
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PMID:Electrolyte and acid-base disturbances in the management of leukemia. 26 90

The pre-anaesthetic administration of dantrolene sodium to individuals at risk from malignant hyperthermia has not yet found an accepted place in human anaesthetic practice, although the effectiveness of dantrolene sodium as a prophylactic drug has been clearly shown in animal studies. In the patient described in this report, no conclusion is drawn about the effectiveness of dantrolene sodium, but attention is drawn to a brief episode of vomiting and diarrhoea some two hours after ingestion of the drug. Modification of the dosage scheme may be advisable.
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PMID:Pre-anaesthetic administration of dantrolene sodium to a patient at risk from malignant hyperthermia: case report. 28 30


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