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Query: UMLS:C0042963 (vomiting)
 31,883 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of an oral fluid therapy alone or combined with parenteral administration of a 5% dextrose solution to attenuate the clinical signs and the pathophysiological consequences of transmissible gastroenteritis in neonatal piglets. Eighteen two day old conventional piglets were infected with transmissible gastroenteritis virus while six others were used as controls (Group 1). At the onset of diarrhea, infected piglets were divided into three groups of six (Groups 2, 3 and 4). Piglets in group 2 were not treated and were fed a milk replacer ad libitum. Piglets in group 3 were removed from the milk replacer and placed on an oral glucose-glycine-electrolyte solution ad libitum. Those in group 4 were placed on oral fluid therapy and received a 5% dextrose solution intraperitoneally at the rate of 25 mL/kg of body weight once a day. Blood samples were collected in heparin within minutes after the infected piglets became comatose and from the controls at four or five days of age. The following variables were measured: packed red cell volume, blood pH, total plasma protein and bicarbonate, blood urea nitrogen, and plasma glucose, creatinine, chloride, inorganic phosphorus, sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium. Vomiting and diarrhea appeared 12 to 24 hours postinoculation in the infected piglets. There was a sudden and rapid progression into a comatose and moribund state one or two days later whether the infected piglets were treated or not.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Fluid therapy trials in neonatal piglets infected with transmissible gastroenteritis virus. 407 36

Two regimens of fluid and electrolyte therapy were studied in children with severe cholera and noncholera diarrhoea. In one, lactated Ringer's solution was the sole intravenous fluid, additional water, glucose, and potassium being given by mouth. In the other, three different intravenous solutions were employed to meet all fluid and electrolyte requirements. The response to therapy was satisfactory with each regimen. Because of prolonged stupor or vomiting about 15% of children treated by the first regimen were unable to ingest a sufficient quantity of glucose solution by mouth, and intravenous supplementation with a hypotonic glucose-saline solution was necessary. It is concluded that lactated Ringer's solution is suitable as the sole intravenous solution for children with acute cholera and noncholera diarrhoea provided oral supplementation, as described, is possible. The study also provides useful observations on the means of evaluating fluid requirements in such children and specific guidelines for such therapy.
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PMID:The use of Ringer's lactate in the treatment of children with cholera and acute noncholera diarrhoea. 453 50

The metabolic response to human growth hormone (HGH) was studied in five obese subjects in the fed state and during prolonged (5-6 wk) starvation. In the fed state (three subjects), HGH induced an elevation in basal serum insulin concentration, a minimal increase in blood and urine ketone levels, and a marked reduction in urinary nitrogen and potassium excretion resulting in positive nitrogen and potassium balance. In prolonged fasting (four subjects), HGH administration resulted in a 2- to 3-fold increase in serum insulin which preceded a 50% elevation in blood glucose. Persistence of the lipolytic effects of HGH was indicated by a rise in free fatty acids and glycerol. The response differed markedly from the fed state in that blood beta-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate levels rose by 20-40%, resulting in total blood ketone acid concentrations of 10-12 mmoles/liter, ketonuria of 150-320 mmoles/day, and increased urinary potassium loss. The subjects complained of nausea, vomiting, weakness, and myalgias. Despite a 50% reduction in urea excretion during HGH administration, total nitrogen loss remained unchanged as urinary ammonia excretion rose by 50% and correlated directly with the degree of ketonuria. It is concluded that in prolonged starvation (a) HGH may have a direct insulinotropic effect on the beta cell independent of alterations in blood glucose concentration, (b) persistence of the lipolytic action of HGH results in severe exaggeration of starvation ketosis and interferes with its anticatabolic action by necessitating increased urinary ammonia loss, and (c) failure of HGH to reduce net protein catabolism in starvation suggests that this hormone does not have a prime regulatory role in conserving body protein stores during prolonged fasting.
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PMID:Metabolic response to human growth hormone during prolonged starvation. 554 Jan 76

Three dogs with hypoadrenocorticism did not have characteristically abnormal serum concentrations of sodium, potassium, and chloride and had not been treated with glucocorticoids. Diagnosis was based on lack of adrenocortical response to exogenous adrenocorticotropic hormone. Clinical signs included lethargy, weakness, anorexia, vomiting, and weight loss. The case demonstrated that the diagnosis of canine hypoadrenocorticism should not be excluded on the basis of normal serum electrolyte values.
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PMID:Atypical hypoadrenocorticism in three dogs. 626

A syndrome of renal tubular resistance to aldosterone has been identified in infants with obstructive uropathy and urinary tract infection. Six infants (ages 9 days to 7 months) were seen with fever, vomiting, polyuria, dehydration, or failure to thrive. Urine cultures were positive for Escherichia coli. Radiologic studies demonstrated bilateral ureterohydronephrosis (four patients), left ureteral duplication with upper pole hydronephrosis (one), and left vesicoureteral reflux (one). The infants had hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, and metabolic acidosis. Plasma aldosterone concentration was markedly elevated, and plasma renin activity was similar to or higher than that reported in normal infants of comparable age. Fractional excretion of potassium was not significantly different from control values, both in absolute terms or when related to glomerular filtration rate, but fractional sodium excretion was significantly increased. The UK/UNa ratio was significantly lower in the patients. After medical or surgical therapy (when appropriate), all blood and urine determinations returned to normal, except for UK/UNa values, which although higher, remained significantly diminished. Our data indicate that a hyperkalemic salt-losing state can arise in infants with obstructive uropathy and urinary tract infection as a consequence of tubular unresponsiveness to aldosterone, and that the clinician should rule out such cause before establishing the diagnosis of primary pseudohypoaldosteronism.
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PMID:Transient pseudohypoaldosteronism secondary to obstructive uropathy in infancy. 635 May 53

The chemistry, microbiology, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic use, adverse effects, and dosage of amoxicillin-potassium clavulanate, a beta-lactamase-resistant antibiotic combination, are reviewed. Clavulanic acid is a "suicide" inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes and has been effective in preventing destruction of penicillins by these enzymes. Clavulanic acid alone has weak antibacterial activity against most organisms. After oral administration, clavulanic acid is rapidly absorbed; amoxicillin appears to increase its absorption. Absorption of amoxicillin-clavulanic acid is not affected by food. Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid is effective in treating both acute uncomplicated and complicated urinary-tract infections and exacerbations of chronic bronchitis caused by amoxicillin-resistant organisms in adults. It appears to be comparable in efficacy to cefaclor for treating uncomplicated urinary-tract infections in adults and children, acute bronchitis and bronchopneumonia, and acute sinusitis, otitis media, and skin and soft-tissue infections in children. Other infections for which the combination has been effective include cellulitis and intra-abdominal and pelvic sepsis caused by mixed aerobic/anaerobic organisms. Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid has also successfully cured urethritis in men caused by penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae and is superior to amoxicillin alone for beta-lactamase-positive Haemophilus ducreyi infections (chancroid). Diarrhea or loose stools is the most common side effect seen with amoxicillin-clavulanic acid; nausea, vomiting, and skin rash may also occur. Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea may be lessened by taking the combination with food.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Amoxicillin-potassium clavulanate, a beta-lactamase-resistant antibiotic combination. 639 83

A 7-month-old infant with failure to thrive and recurrent episodes of vomiting and metabolic alkalosis was evaluated. Urine pH, serum bicarbonate, and urine PCO2-blood PCO2 studies were consistent with the diagnosis of distal renal tubular acidosis (RTA-type I). Analysis of serum potassium and chloride levels during periods of alkalosis and acidosis revealed that potassium depletion and hypochloremic volume contraction served to maintain the alkalotic state despite the presence of an underlying chronic acidosis. This case represents an unusual presentation for renal tubular acidosis and suggests that, under certain conditions, renal tubular acidosis may predispose to the maintenance of a metabolic alkalosis.
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PMID:Renal tubular acidosis in a patient with recurrent metabolic alkalosis. 640 97

The effects of four different irrigation solutions for preparation of colonoscopy were assessed in 64 patients. Using saline lavage solutions similar to plasma led to predominant symptoms of volume overload. Body weight transitorily increased by 1.7 +/- 0.2 kg, water and electrolytes were retained. Time until appearance of clear lavage fluid was 145 +/- 5 min. Irrigation by mannitol solution was badly tolerated and frequently led to vomiting. Body weight decreased and loss of water and electrolytes was reflected in changes of blood composition. Lavage with a hypertonic salt and mannitol solution (415 mosmol/l) was tolerated somewhat better. It led to minimal loss of weight, sodium (230 +/- 27 mmol) and chloride (270 +/- 24 mmol) were retained. Colonic cleansing was achieved after only 84 +/- 6 min. Isotonic saline mannitol solution with 105 mmol/l sodium, 93 mmol/l chloride, 10 mmol/l potassium and 22 mmol/l bicarbonate as well as 70 mmol/l mannitol (or 70 mmol/l polyethylene glycol) was tolerated best. There was a minimal weight increase (0.5 +/- 0.2 kg). Sodium metabolism was balanced (-2 +/- 7 mmol), chloride was retained to a slight extent (+ 115 +/- 29 mmol). Colonic cleansing was completed by 110 +/- 8 min.
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PMID:[Prograde colonic irrigation without disturbance of the water-electrolyte balance]. 641 6

Supravesical urinary diversion using a jejunal conduit may be associated with hyponatremia, hypochloremic-acidosis, hyperkalemia, azotemia, and a clinical picture of nausea, vomiting, dehydration, muscular weakness, elevated temperature, and lethargy. This syndrome is secondary to the loss of sodium chloride into the urine passing through the conduit and absorption of potassium and urea from it. Treatment and prevention of this syndrome consist of adequate supplements of sodium chloride and hydration. Intravenous hyperalimentation as the precipitating factor of a severe form of this syndrome and its successful management are described. The pathophysiology of the jejunal conduit syndrome is also discussed. Great selectivity and extreme caution are recommended with respect to the use of intravenous hyperalimentation in patients with jejunal conduits.
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PMID:The pathophysiology of the jejunal conduit syndrome and its exacerbation by parenteral hyperalimentation. 642 49

This study reports the results of a biochemical investigation of 80 eating disorder patients and results of an endocrinological investigation of 20 subjects. Of the 80 subjects studied, 22 suffered from anorexia nervosa and 51 were diagnosed as having bulimia. These patient's results were compared to those of 30 control subjects. The eating disorder patients had significantly higher levels of total CO2 calcium, alanine aminotransferase and cholesterol, and significantly lower levels of potassium, chloride and phosphate in the plasma. Hypokalaemia was strongly associated with self-induced vomiting and laxative abuse. Hypercholesterolaemia occurred most commonly in anorexia nervosa patients. Preliminary endocrinological results suggest decreased gonadotrophin levels are associated with binge eating and self-induced vomiting and laxative abuse, as well as with low weight. We feel eating disorder patients should be interviewed and examined by a physician with an interest in this area. Appropriate investigations should be ordered. The physician should also undertake counseling about the short- and long-term sequelae of disordered eating.
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PMID:Hormonal and biochemical abnormalities in women suffering from eating disorders. 644 82


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