Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0042963 (vomiting)
 31,883 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We report a case of ethanol intoxication from massive rotten apples ingestion. The dog exhibited vomiting, ataxia, tremors, dehydratation, and died 48 h later with an alcoholemia of 300 mg/dL.
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PMID:Ethanol toxicosis from the ingestion of rotten apples by a dog. 1175 94

The aim of this study was to examine the characteristics of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) users, their GHB and other drug use patterns, and the harms associated with GHB use. Seventy-six GHB users were recruited and administered a structured interview on GHB use and related harms. GHB users appeared to be a stable, highly educated and well-functioning group. They had had extensive experience with a range of drugs, and GHB was typically used in conjunction with other drugs. Despite the fact that most GHB users had not had a long or extensive experience with GHB use, the proportion reporting significant negative side effects when using GHB was high (99% reported at least one), and the mean number of side effects ever experienced was 6.5. Notably, half (52%) reported becoming unconscious, 53% reported vomiting, 58% reported profuse sweating, and 8% reported having a fit or seizure. The high rate of problems reported by a group with limited use of this drug suggests that in a context of polydrug use, GHB use is associated with significant risks to users.
Drug Alcohol Depend 2002 Jun 01
PMID:GHB use among Australians: characteristics, use patterns and associated harm. 1206 82

74 cases of early pregnancy with periods of amenorrhea of 36-69 days from the last menses were terminated by using a single dose intrauterine instillation of Wikstro-Emia Chamaedaphne Meisn Alcohol Solution (WCMAS). According to the dosages used, they were divided into 3 groups: 0.2gm, 0.4gm, and 0.6gm of WCMAS. The efficacy of the different dosages was evaluated. The most successful in the termination of early pregnancy (less than 56 days) was the 0.4gm group, the effective rate being 96.6%, and the complete abortion rate being 93.3%. The average duration of complete abortion in all was 21.3 hours, and the averge duration of vaginal bleeding was 10.9 days. Although amount of bleeding was regarded as a little greater than that of normal menstruation by some patients, yet there were no serious side effects occurring, except that some patients experienced some subjective lower abdominal pain and vomiting. Serum hCG and progesterone were determined by radioimmunoassay technique in 31 cases, and it was found that the hCG and progesterone levels both declined rapidly at 12 hours and fell to 35.5% and 46.4% respectively 24 hours after injection. Under microscopic examinations necrotic degeneration was observed in most of the chorionic villi, and marked necrosis and hemorrhage in the decidua. The granulocytes in the decidua also decreased in amount. 48 cases were followed up recently; no side effects were found and there was no interference with re-pregnancy.
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PMID:[Clinical observation and preliminary study of termination of early pregnancy by administration of yellow daphne]. 1226 36

Alcohol intoxication is the principal drug addiction in many countries of the world. It affects all age groups, both sexes and almost all social groups. Mortality associated with acute alcohol poisoning on its own is exceptional, but it can be an important factor if it coexists with recreational drugs. It is directly responsible for more than half of traffic accidents. Diagnosis is easy by means of anamnesis and clinical examination, and can be confirmed by determining the level of ethanol in the bloodstream. Supportive care is the best therapy in order to protect the patient from secondary complications. Methanol, or alcohol fuel, is used as a solvent, and can also be found as an adulterant of alcoholic drinks. Poisoning by oral means is the most frequent. Oxidized in the liver through dehydrogenase enzyme alcohol, toxicity is due to its metabolites, formaldehyde and formic acid. The clinical picture basically consists of cephalea, nausea, vomiting, hypotension and depression of the central nervous system. The optic nerve is especially sensitive, with total and irreversible blindness as a possible result. Ethylenglicol is used as a solvent and as an antifreeze; toxicity is due to an accumulation of its metabolites. The clinical picture includes symptoms that are held in common with methylalcohol intoxication. Kidney failure due to tubular necrosis and the deposit of oxalate crystals can occur.
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PMID:[Alcohol intoxication]. 1281 81

Paracetamol is a safe and effective analgesic and antipyretic agent, and is one of the most widely used medications for infants and children. The formulations currently available have been designed for oral and rectal administration. However, they are not practical in young patients with vomiting and diarrhoea, or in those who refuse to take the full dose. An alternative route of administration would be a significant contribution to the paediatric pharmacopoeia. The aim of this study was to develop a new transdermal system for optional therapeutic administration of paracetamol in infants and children. In-vivo studies were carried out in animals using a transdermal system of high-loaded, soluble paracetamol in a hydrogel patch, which was also tested in-vitro for 8 h. Although the beneficial contribution of glyceryl oleate to the transdermal penetration of paracetamol seemed to be significant in-vitro, it was shown to be insufficient in-vivo. To improve the penetration of the drug, 4% PEG-40 stearate and 10% ethanol were incorporated as absorption enhancers into the dermal patches. A few hours after application of the improved patches to rats, plasma drug concentrations were elevated to levels comparable with those obtained after oral and subcutaneous administration of a high dose of paracetamol. Since plasma drug concentrations did not reach a constant steady state (as a peak or plateau) during the short-term animal experiments, longer pharmacokinetic studies in conscious animals are necessary.
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PMID:Transdermal delivery of paracetamol for paediatric use: effects of vehicle formulations on the percutaneous penetration. 1290 48

The dried ethanol extract of the husk of the grain of Paspalum scrobiculatum produced tranquillization and tremors in various species of animals. It potentiated the effect of hexobarbitone in mice, produced hypothermia in mice and rats and enhanced leptazol toxicity in rats. Amphetamine group-toxicity in mice increased after injecting the extract or an emulsion containing a similar quantity of olive oil. Vomiting in pigeons and decrease of morphine rage in cats were noted. Diminution of carotid occlusion reflex and hypotension were observed in anaesthetized dogs. Tremors and sleep were experienced by a human volunteer after taking the extract orally. Stability of the extract under different conditions was studied in dogs. Fractions of the extract, resolved by solvent separation and column chromatography, were tested in dogs for tranquillization and tremors.
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PMID:Pharmacological study and fractionation of Paspalum scrobiculatum extract. 1386 43

Frea, James I. (University of Wisconsin, Madison), Elizabeth McCoy, and F. M. Strong. Purification of type B staphylococcal enterotoxin. J. Bacteriol. 86:1308-1313. 1963.-A procedure for the production and isolation of type B staphylococcal enterotoxin in yields up to 4 mg per liter of toxic culture is presented. Staphylococcus aureus S6 was grown in shake flask cultures at 37 C for 24 hr in a medium consisting of 2% Hy-Case S.F., 0.3% yeast extract, calcium pantothenate, nicotinic acid, and thiamine. Cells were removed by centrifugation and the supernatant fluid was concentrated by dialysis against polyethylene glycol. Enterotoxin was isolated from the concentrate by ethanol precipitation, gel filtration on a G-100 Sephadex column, and Sephadex-column electrophoresis. The purified toxin was identical to type B reference enterotoxin on both disc electrophoresis and Ouchterlony gel diffusion. It contained no carbohydrates, lipids, or nucleic acids, gave positive tests for protein; and contained 11.6% N. The preparation showed no coagulase, alpha-hemolysin, or deoxyribonuclease activity. Emesis in monkeys resulted when the experimental toxin was injected at the rate of 0.26 mug of N per kg of body weight.
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PMID:PURIFICATION OF TYPE B STAPHYLOCOCCAL ENTEROTOXIN. 1408 6

Blood specimens from 146 suspected gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) overdose cases, presenting to an emergency department in Washington State over a 12-month period, were analyzed for GHB and other drugs. Of these 146 patients, GHB was confirmed in approximately one-third of the patients (N = 54), sometimes in potentially toxic concentrations. These patients were aged between 17 and 59 years (median 28 years), and 83% were male. Blood GHB concentrations ranged from 29 to 490 mg/L (mean 137 mg/L; median 103 mg/L). In 36 (67%) of the 54 patients, other drugs were additionally detected. Ethanol was measured in 22 (41%) patients, with concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 0.26 g/100 mL (median 0.04 g/100 mL). Other commonly co-administered drugs included 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, marijuana, methamphetamine, cocaine, and citalopram. Frequently observed clinical symptoms on admission for the GHB overdose group included copious vomiting, ataxia, lack of gag reflex, respiratory depression, mild acute respiratory acidosis, unconsciousness, and sudden altered states of consciousness. Many patients required intubation, and several became combative and required restraints. The majority of patients were discharged within 6 h of hospital admission. However, despite presenting with similar clinical symptoms on admission, GHB was not confirmed in 92 of the 146 overdose patients, suggesting that GHB overdose cases may frequently be indistinguishable from other drug overdoses or medical conditions.
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PMID:Suspected GHB overdoses in the emergency department. 1551 99

Trichothecenes are mycotoxins produced by several fungal genera, mainly Fusarium species, that can contaminate a wide range of cereals used for human and animal consumption. They are associated with various adverse health effects in animals and humans such as feed refusal, vomiting and immunotoxic effects. A method based on capillary gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection was developed and validated in-house for the determination of nine trichothecenes in duplicate diets of young children. The trichothecenes were extracted from the sample matrix by water/ethanol (90/10). The extracts were cleaned by means of ChemElut and Mycosep columns. The cleaned extracts were evaporated to dryness and derivatized to trimethylsilyl ethers at room temperature. The residues were dissolved in iso-octane and washed with water. The final extracts were analysed for trichothecenes by GC-MS. The response was linear in the range tested (1-10 microg kg(-1)). Recoveries for the trichothecenes were between 70 and 111%, with the exception of nivalenol, which had a low recovery (34%). The limit of quantification for all trichothecenes was below 0.4 microg kg(-1). Seventy-four food samples from young children collected by 74 respondents in a duplicate diet study were analysed for trichothecenes with the developed method. The mean levels of deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, HT-2 toxin and T-2 toxin were 5.8, 0.3, 0.3 and 0.1 microg kg(-1), respectively. Based on the individual results, dietary intake calculations were made. For deoxynivalenol, the tolerable daily intake of 1 microg kg(-1) body weight was exceeded by nine respondents. For the combined intake of T-2 and HT-2 toxin, the temporary tolerable daily intake of 0.06 microg kg(-1) body weight was exceeded by nine respondents.
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PMID:Determination of trichothecenes in duplicate diets of young children by capillary gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection. 1589 11

2,5-Dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine (DOB) is a strongly acting hallucinogen with an estimated effective dose of 2 mg for an 80 kg man. The case of two men who ingested a new "hallucinogen LSD-like" designer drug is reported here. They experienced intense hallucinations (onset after 15 min) and vomiting. The men became unconscious and fell into deep coma lasting several days. After an unknown period of time elapsed they were admitted to a hospital in a comatose state. One subject (AX, body mass 113 kg) survived, while the second subject (BX, body mass 65 kg) experienced convulsions, metabolic acidosis and died 6 days later. Gastric, blood, and urine specimens collected on admission into the hospital were sent for toxicological examination. Ethanol concentrations in the blood samples were less than 0.2 g/kg. CEDIA urine screening indicated the presence of THCOOH in both cases, while cocaine and its metabolites were only indicated in the urine from AX. Immunoassay for amphetamines was negative in urine specimens collected from both subjects. GC-MS analysis for unknown drugs allowed for the discovery of the presence of DOB in the gastric and urine samples of both persons. DOB-targeted analysis for the acetylated analyte confirmed its presence in both subjects. Quantitative analysis yielded concentrations in serum of 13 ng/ml (AX) and 19 ng/ml (BX). This report on both nonfatal and fatal DOB overdose cases is based on clear toxicological evidence, and is the first documentation of DOB consumption in the Czech Republic.
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PMID:Nonfatal and fatal DOB (2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine) overdose. 1597 34


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