Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0042963 (vomiting)
 31,883 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Acute methanol intoxications are infrequent among accidental or suicidal intoxications today. The characteristic findings are illustrated by a review. Mainly, the methanol metabolites formaldehyde and formic acid are of toxicologic importance and cause the dominant central nervous and ocular symptoms. The principal therapeutic procedures include gastric lavage, induced vomiting, titrated correction of acidosis with sodium bicarbonate, administration of ethanol, folic acid and, especially, the secondary detoxication with peritoneal--or better--haemodialysis. The therapeutic measures must be started quickly and carried out consequently to improve the prognosis of methanol intoxication and to decrease the frequency of serious late complications like ophthalmologic and neurologic lesions. Our own medical management is described by a case report treated successfully.
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PMID:[Acute methanol poisoning--a review and a case report]. 193 May 47

The DSM-III-R criteria for uncomplicated alcohol withdrawal require the presence of coarse tremor of the hands, tongue, or eyelids plus one of a number of other clinical features. We examined the validity and other characteristics of these items in 137 patients in pure alcohol withdrawal using the reliable and valid Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment for Alcohol. The DSM-III-R items of hand tremor amplitude, nausea or vomiting, headache, transient hallucinations, autonomic hyperactivity (increased pulse or sweating), and anxiety correlated significantly with total score and significantly indicated clinical severity. Addition of an "agitation" item improved the correlation. The diagnostic accuracy is greater than 95% if any two or more items are present. The number of positive items, of which tremor can be one, to grade clinical severity shows that a score of 2 indicates "very mild"; 3, "mild"; 4, "moderate"; and 5, "severe.". We propose that an Alcohol Withdrawal Diagnostic Inventory and a DSM-III-R-compatible brief Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment for Alcohol are useful for clinical research, where graded symptom characterization is needed. Our data may be helpful in the development of criteria for DSM-IV.
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PMID:Characterization of DSM-III-R criteria for uncomplicated alcohol withdrawal provides an empirical basis for DSM-IV. 202 Dec 96

The clinical picture as well as the principles of treatment in ethylene glycol poisoning differ with the time after ingestion. These time-related differences are illustrated by two case reports. During the first hours of ethylene glycol poisoning, the patient suffers from drunkenness, vomiting and somnolence due to the intoxicant effect of ethylene glycol on the central nervous system. In the following hours a poisoning with glycolate and oxalate develops, with increasing acidosis, renal and brain damage. A patient admitted within a few hours of an overdose, with no or only slight metabolic acidosis, may be successfully treated with ethanol. If the serum concentration of ethylene glycol is very high, hemodialysis may be deferred until the necessary staff and equipment are available. If the patient is admitted with severe metabolic acidosis, hemodialysis must be started immediately. The need for ethanol administration during hemodialysis merits reevaluation.
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PMID:Considerations for the treatment of ethylene glycol poisoning based on analysis of two cases. 205 10

The aim of this study was to investigate the relation between Antabus dosage and the disulfiram-alcohol reaction (DAR) after ethanol challenge. Fifty-two healthy volunteers, 29 men and 23 women, aged 20-61 years, were treated with increasing doses of Antabuse (1, 100, 200, 300 mg) for 14 days each. At the end of each 14 days the volunteers were challenged with 0.15 g ethanol/kg body weight. Blood pressure, pulse rate, respiration rate, and symptoms such as flushing, heat sensation, nausea, vomiting, palpitations, breathlessness, and headache were monitored for the next 50 min. The volunteers left the study when they had experienced a valid DAR. A valid DAR, which was principally defined on the basis of the patients' feeling of discomfort, but for safety reasons also on the basis of unacceptable circulatory changes, was reached in 21 out of 52 volunteers after 100 mg Antabuse, in 27 after 200 mg, and in 4 after 300 mg. Most of them left the study after flushing and circulatory changes, but did not feel ill enough to be convinced that they should abstain from drinking. Ten volunteers with weak subjective symptoms, but with a valid DAR, were therefore rechallenged after the next increased dose and experienced a somewhat stronger reaction. We conclude that a daily dose of 200 mg Antabuse brings about a substantial reaction in volunteers in the presence of alcohol. The possible need for a 300 mg dose of Antabuse to prevent a patient from drinking was discussed.
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PMID:Dose-effect relationship of disulfiram in human volunteers. I: Clinical studies. 205 46

In a carefully executed study with a high response rate, a random sample of 10% of the undergraduate student body at a rural New England university was surveyed as to the subjects' use of alcohol in 1987. Over 87% of the surveyed students returned questionnaires. The results were compared to similar studies conducted on the campus in 1977 and 1983. "Daily or almost daily" use of alcohol was registered by 4.7% of the respondents, which represents a continuing decrease in daily consumption from earlier studies. One-fourth of the sample indicated drinking only one drink or fewer per week, contrary to the common perception on the campus. Nevertheless, 25.5% recorded a hangover, 7.5% recorded vomiting from drinking too much and 4.4% recorded a blackout, all "in the last week." Compared to the U.S. population, alcohol consumption appears to be more evenly distributed in the college sample but, still, most of the drinking is done by one-fifth of both groups.
J Stud Alcohol 1990 Sep
PMID:Alcohol consumption by college undergraduates: current use and 10-year trends. 223 90

To evaluate the value of the nonsedative anticonvulsants carbamazepine and valproic acid a controlled study including drug monitoring was carried out. Intoxicated alcoholics (n = 138) were admitted for inpatient detoxication and randomly assigned to either carbamazepine (n = 43), sodium valproate (n = 46) or placebo (n = 49) in a double-blind fashion. Drug treatment lasted for four days and the daily doses of both drugs amounted to 1200 mg in the beginning of the study. Sodium valproate induced gastric distress, nausea and vomiting more frequently than placebo. About half of the subjects had to stop carbamazepine because of intolerable side-effects including vertigo, nausea, vomiting, diplopia and rash. Serum carbamazepine levels (18-89 mumol/l) were found to be high (greater than 40 mumol/l) in many but not all of these subjects. Seizures occurred in 3 subjects on placebo, 2 on carbamazepine and 1 on sodium valproate. Delirium tremens developed in 2 on sodium valproate and 1 on placebo. The study demonstrates that drug side-effects may seriously hamper the utility of carbamazepine and sodium valproate as routine treatment for the prevention of alcohol withdrawal symptoms.
Alcohol
PMID:Prevention of alcohol withdrawal seizures with carbamazepine and valproic acid. 250 Jan 38

We evaluated, in a multi-center trial, the safety and efficacy of GR 38032F (GR-C507/75), a novel and selective serotonin antagonist, in preventing acute emesis in chemotherapy-naive patients receiving treatment with regimens containing high-dose cisplatin (greater than or equal to 100 mg/m2). Eighty-five patients were randomized to receive GR 38032F, 0.18 mg/kg, either every six or every eight hours for three doses, beginning 30 minutes before cisplatin. Patients were evaluated for emetic episodes (vomiting or retching) over a 24-hour period following cisplatin. All patients were evaluable for toxicity and 83 were evaluable for efficacy. The overall antiemetic response rate was 75% (55% complete response [CR], 20% major response). No difference in antiemetic control between the two administration schedules was noted. Patients with histories of heavy ethanol use had significantly better antiemetic control (74% CR) than modest or non-drinkers (33% CR). Toxicity of GR 38032F was modest and independent of administration schedule. The most common adverse events included mild hepatic transaminase elevations, self-limited diarrhea, dry mouth, headache, and mild sedation. Our data indicate that GR 38032F is a safe and effective agent in the control of acute cisplatin-induced nausea and vomiting. Additional trials exploring dosing, schedule, and comparison to standard antiemetic agents are indicated.
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PMID:GR 38032F (GR-C507/75): a novel compound effective in the prevention of acute cisplatin-induced emesis. 252 57

Starved houseflies were held over a suspension of Aujeszky's virus (PRV-1) for 24-48 h. One group was rinsed in 70% ethanol to kill virus attached to the body surface. No virus was isolated from this group. For the other group the titre of virus decreased more rapidly on the body surface of flies than in the environment. Model experiments demonstrated that the Aujeszky's virus cannot survive in the body of the housefly but the body surface may be contaminated for a period of time depending on the initial viral titre. Experiments showed that susceptible pigs fed on flies contaminated with Aujeszky's virus may become infected. The quantity of virus (5 x 10(5) pfu ml-1) shed by a single housefly during biting and vomiting on the cornea or abraded skin proved to be sufficient to cause infection in susceptible pigs, rabbits and a lamb. It is possible that houseflies could play a role in transmission of infection within herds. Transmission between herds is much less likely.
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PMID:The role of the housefly, Musca domestica, in the spread of Aujeszky's disease (pseudorabies). 285 39

Alcoholic ketoacidosis is a frequently encountered metabolic disturbance that follows a prolonged intake of ethanol. Following a brief duration of abstinence, patients typically present with vomiting, abdominal pain, and shortness of breath. Examination reveals Kussmaul breathing, variable volume loss, and coincident manifestations of chronic alcohol usage. Characteristic laboratory findings include anion-gap metabolic ketoacidosis, normal serum glucose, and zero ethanol levels. Phosphate measurements may be depressed, particularly after institution of therapy. Intravascular volume restitution, delivery of dextrose, attention to electrolytes, and discovery of alcohol-related illnesses are the mainstays of therapy.
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PMID:Alcoholic ketoacidosis--a review. 331 91

A double-blind, placebo-controlled study in eight healthy male volunteers was conducted to study possible disulfiram-type reactions and hypoprothrombinemia associated with cefotetan administration. Three doses of cefotetan (2 g) or of placebo were administered at 12-h intervals. Ethanol (0.5 g/kg of total body weight) was ingested 1 h after the third dose. Blood ethanol, serum acetaldehyde, and prothrombin times were measured throughout the study. Heart rate, blood pressure, and clinical signs as well as symptoms suggestive of a disulfiram-type reaction were also noted. Five of eight volunteers that received cefotetan showed significant flushing. A significant increase in heart rate also was noted. No change in mean arterial pressure was observed during the cefotetan phase, and no one experienced nausea or vomiting. No statistical differences were observed between phases with respect to ethanol area under the time-concentration curve, elimination rate, or serum acetaldehyde concentrations. A slight but statistically significant increase in prothrombin time also was observed with cefotetan. This study suggests that patients receiving cefotetan might be at risk to develop disulfiram-type reactions and hypoprothrombinemia.
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PMID:Cefotetan-induced disulfiram-type reactions and hypoprothrombinemia. 347 45


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