Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0042963 (vomiting)
 31,883 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Many chemotherapeutic agents have been evaluated during the last 40 years and some have now an established place in the management of malignant disease. However these agents have a level of toxicity well above any other group of drugs. Chemotherapeutic agents do not discriminate between normal and neoplastic tissue. Chemotherapeutic regimens that are toxic to rapidly dividing malignant cells, are liable to be particularly harmful to lymphoid tissues, bone marrow and the epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract. The side effects due to chemotherapy are classified as immediate, early, delayed and late. Immediate side effects are those that may occur within the first 24 hours of treatment. The most common immediate side effect is nausea and vomiting, due to direct central effect on the vomiting center of the brain. Cisplatin and nitrogen mustard are particularly prone to this complication. The antiemetics usually used are metoclopramide, domperidone and steroid. The efficacies of these drugs are not so good for nausea and vomiting due to cisplatin administration, however several blockades against serotonin M-receptor recently developed are quite effective to nausea and vomiting of chemotherapeutic regimens including cisplatin. Early side effects commence within about one month of therapy. The most common is bone marrow toxicity and can occur after therapy with the vast majority of anticancer drugs. The relative importance of leukopenia and thrombocytopenia vary between the drugs and their route of administration. Recently, hematopoietic cytokines, such as granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) and granulocyte-macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSP) have been introduced to granulocytopenia developed by cancer chemotherapy. In the phase II study of G-CSF, a rapid recovery of granulocytes after chemotherapy and marked efficacy on infection in granulocytopenic patients were observed. In addition to this, autologous bone marrow transplantation after chemotherapy has been described in patients with solid tumors.
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PMID:[Palliative therapy in cancer. 5. Side effects by anticancer drugs and their treatments]. 169 55

Carminomycin (CMN) was administered i.v. to 44 patients with a variety of nonhematological cancers every 4 weeks at doses of 15, 20, 22.5, and 25 mg/sq m. Granulocytopenia was the dose-limiting toxicity. The median granulocyte count for previously untreated patients receiving 22.5 mg/sq m was 0.962 cells/microliters, and for previously treated patients receiving 20 mg/sq m it was 0.420 cell/microliters. Moderate to severe phlebitis was associated with drug administration in 50% of cases. Nausea, vomiting, and alopecia were mild. Three of nine patients who received a total CMN dose of greater than or equal to 100 mg/sq m (mean, 132 mg/sq m) developed unexplained decreases in radionuclide cardiac ejection fraction, with one patient developing decreased QRS amplitude and congestive heart failure at a total dose of 160 mg/sq m. CMN is rapidly metabolized to carminomycinol. The elimination half-lives of CMN and carminomycinol are 6 to 10 and 50 hr, respectively. CMN was found to be a more potent inhibitor of human granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming units than was carminomycinol. Objective partial responses were seen in two of seven previously untreated patients with non-small cell lung cancer and one of three patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck previously untreated with chemotherapy.
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PMID:A phase I and clinical pharmacology study of intravenously administered carminomycin in cancer patients in the United States. 708 81

We designed a randomized, prospective three-arm mobilization study to determine the kinetics of peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) mobilization in 60 non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) patients primed with cyclophosphamide (CTX) in combination with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) (arm A), granulocyte-macrophage (GM)-CSF (arm B) or GM-CSF/G-CSF (arm C). We also compared mobilization and transplant-related toxicities, pre- and post-transplant support and the probability of survival among the three arms. To date, 35 patients have been enrolled in the study; 13 patients have been enrolled in arm A, 10 patients in arm B, and 13 patients in arm C. Successful collection of the target of > or = 2 X 10(6) CD34+ cells/kg in one to four apheresis collections was 10/13, 6/10, and 7/12 in arms A, B, and C, respectively. The differences between arms were not statistically significant. The median time to achieve the target CD34+ cells in patients who successfully mobilized the target CD34+ cells was 3 days, 2 days, and 1 day, in patients in arms A, B, and C, respectively. The time for neutrophil engraftment was 11, 10, and 10 days in arms A, B, and C, respectively. The time for platelet engraftment was 11 days for patients in all arms of the study. Most importantly, no significant differences were observed among the three arms in the duration of neutropenic fever, the extent of mucositis, diarrhea, and nausea/vomiting, or in the number of units of platelets or red cells transfused after transplantation. Risk factors associated with poor mobilization were > or = 3 regimens of chemotherapy prior to mobilization, older age, and disease histology (follicular versus diffuse). Therefore, we conclude that the type of growth factor used for mobilization did not play a major role in the outcome of mobilization and recommend mobilizing NHL patients before they receive multiple regimens of chemotherapy.
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PMID:Peripheral blood stem cell mobilization with cyclophosphamide in combination with G-CSF, GM-CSF, or sequential GM-CSF/G-CSF in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma patients: a randomized prospective study. 1109 98

The BMT program at Princess Margaret Hospital performed 105 transplants using cryopreserved peripheral blood stem cells (PBSC) from related allogeneic donors. The outcomes were compared with those of a historic control of 106 patients transplanted with freshly procured PBSC. The infusions were tolerated with limited toxicity related to nausea/vomiting or bradycardia, correlated with the total amount of DMSO infused. The average viability of the total nucleated cell (TNC) population after thawing was 71%. The survival of clonogenic progenitors amounted to 75% for colony-forming unit-granulocyte-macrophage (CFU-GM), 69% for burst-forming units erythroid (BFU-E), and 78% for colony-forming units granulocyte-erythrocyte-monocyte-megakaryocyte (CFU-GEMM). In contrast, colony-forming units megakaryocyte (CFU-MEG) was significantly more cryosensitive with recovery rates of 39%. The number of viable CD34(+) cells transplanted was correlated with the number of transplanted viable CFU-GM (P < .001), BFU-E (P < .001), CFU-MEG (P < .001), and CFU-GEMM (P = .049), but not with the TNC dose. The number of transplanted CD34(+) cells was correlated with engraftment of neutrophils (P = .012) and platelets (P = .013). The outcomes of cryopreseved or fresh PBSC transplants (PBSCT) with respect to engraftment of neutrophils (P = .178) and platelets (P = .785), lymphocyte recovery (P = .926), acute (P = .113), and chronic graft-versus-host disease (P = .673), recurrence (P = .295), nonrelapse mortality (P = .340), and overall survival (P = .668) were not significantly different. It is therefore reasonable to consider the option of cryopreserved allografts.
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PMID:Similar outcomes of cryopreserved allogeneic peripheral stem cell transplants (PBSCT) compared to fresh allografts. 1788 61