Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0042963 (vomiting)
 31,883 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A controlled randomized trial of WHO standard oral rehydration solution containing 50 g rice powder instead of 20 g/l glucose was conducted in 48 male children aged 3 months to 3 years. Both solutions contained 90 mM Na+, 20 mM K+, 80 mM C1- and 30 mm HC03-. Rice powder solution was prepared by boiling 50 g dry rice powder in several hundred m1 water, cooling, dissolving electrolytes, and adding water to 1 L. Children with dehydration clinically estimated at 10% body weight were initially treated with Ringers lactate iv until blood pressure and pulse normalized, then joined the rehydration study. Weight, fluid intake, urine output by condom drainage and gastrointestinal losses by weight of linen were recorded every 4 hours. 23 children in each group were successfully rehydrated determined clinically; 1 in each group required iv fluids for persistent vomiting. Patients on rice powder had a lower purge rate and fluid intake, and a significant decrease in stool frequency during the 1st 24 hours, mean 14.1 vs. 20 5. Rice contains 7-10% protein, is rich in glycine, lysine, leucine and isoleucine, and is 80% hydrolyzed to glucose. Futhermore, it is readily available and has been used traditionally in Indian homes.
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PMID:Rice powder oral rehydration solution as an alternative to glucose electrolyte solution. 329 74

We have administered 11 to 64 doses of recombinant interleukin-2 (IL-2) ranging from 10,000 to 300,000 U/kg, given three times daily as a bolus infusion through an indwelling Tenckhoff catheter, to seven patients with melanoma, ovarian carcinoma, or colorectal carcinoma. The total IL-2 dose ranged from 800 to 3800 X 10(3) U/kg. Side effects included fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and major weight gain presumedly related to a capillary leak syndrome. Total weight gain ranged from 5.1 to 17.4 kg and was associated with the development of both peripheral edema and ascites. Marked eosinophilia was noted. Serum IL-2 levels were maintained at 10 to 35 U/mL for up to eight hours following intraperitoneal administration of IL-2. Increases from less than 10(4) cells/mL of a 2-L peritoneal wash to more than 10(6) cells/mL were noted in peritoneal exudate cell yields. Lysis of the natural killer target K562 increased from undetectable levels to as high as 125 lytic units per 10(6) cells. Proliferative capacity to IL-2 increased as much as 30-fold in peritoneal exudate cell yields. In addition, 70% to 80% of the mononuclear cells were T cells (Leu 4+) with intraperitoneal phenotype treatment. A single patient with pulmonary and hepatic metastases showed marked decrease in these lesions with intraperitoneal IL-2 treatment. The other patients treated intraperitoneally with IL-2 did not have significant (greater than 50%) reduction in tumor volume. These findings indicate that the intraperitoneal route of IL-2 administration may allow the in vivo development and expansion of lymphoid cells with antitumor activities.
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PMID:Intraperitoneal administration of interleukin-2 in patients with cancer. 349 95

Responses of neurons of the canine area postrema were recorded to ionophoretic application of insulin, apomorphine, leucine-enkephalin and glutamate. Each excited the neurons directly in a dose-dependent fashion. Like apomorphine and leucine enkephalin, which are known to induce emesis by activation of area postrema neurons, insulin given systemically induced emesis in intact dogs but not in animals with area postrema ablations. These results provide further support for a critical role of the area postrema in triggering the emetic reflex, and are the first definitive demonstration of a direct excitatory action of insulin on mammalian neurons.
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PMID:Insulin excites neurons of the area postrema and causes emesis. 352 15

The responses of 122 neurons in the area postrema of anesthetized dogs to 17 common transmitters and peptides were determined. Recordings were made from one barrel of a seven-barrel ionophoretic electrode. All neurons were silent at rest, but most could be detected and excited by the application of glutamate. The glutamate response was a brief, high-frequency response of less than 1-sec duration. Excitatory responses were also found to histamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine, apomorphine, angiotensin II, neurotensin, leucine enkephalin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, thyrotropin releasing hormone, gastrin, vasopressin, and substance P. While most neurons tested were excited by dopamine and apomorphine, approximately half of those studied were also excited by each of the other substances. Inhibitory responses were found to norepinephrine (6 of 15 cells) and histamine (3 of 45 cells). No responses were found to acetylcholine, somatostatin, or cholecystokinin. The responses to all 13 excitatory substances other than glutamate were similar. Typically these responses had a latency of 2-20 sec and lasted for 30 sec to 5 min on their first application. The frequency of discharge was usually low (approximately 0.5 Hz). Multiple applications of these agents often induced a maintained spontaneous discharge of low frequency. Each application also induced a transient incremental discharge at a frequency that rarely exceeded 2 Hz. The area postrema has been proposed to be the "chemoreceptor trigger zone" for emesis (Borison and Wang, 1953). All of the agents which excite area postrema neurons, with the exception of serotonin and norepinephrine, are emetic, while none of the three agents without excitatory effects is known to be emetic. Thus these results provide strong support for the central role of the area postrema in emesis. The similarity of response to so many substances on small neurons suggests a common ionic and/or metabolic mechanism underlying the response. The prolonged nature of the response to brief administration of these agents would seem to be appropriate for neurons which subserve a sensation and behavior such as nausea and vomiting.
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PMID:Responses of neurons of canine area postrema to neurotransmitters and peptides. 614 78

Two cases of propionicacidemia are reported. The first patient was a child aged 16 months with psychomotor retardation, severe disturbances of wakefulness, and vomiting; the second case concerned a new-born baby with metabolic acidosis and neurological disorders. In both cases the diagnosis of propionicacidemia was made after the discovery of ketonuria, and raised blood ammonia and glucose levels. Appropriate dietary measures led to great improvement in the first case, and nearly normal psychomotor development in the second case at 7 months of age. Problems related to biotin sensitivity, leucine intolerance, and raised blood ammonia levels are discussed.
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PMID:[Propionicacidemia. A report on two cases (author's transl)]. 624 24

The endogenous opiate-like peptides, beta-endorphin, methionine- and leucine-enkephalin have been investigated in unanaesthetized cats after intracerebroventricular injection. beta-Endorphin produced marked and prolonged psychomotor stimulation (restlessness, apprehension, looking around, vacant stare and impelling locomotion), accompanied by pupillary dilation and tremor which was prevented by nalorphine. In contrast to beta-endorphin, the enkephalins did not cause affective behavioural phenomena. However, the enkephalins evoked transient and inconsistent vomiting which was also prevented by nalorphine. It is apparent, therefore, that morphinomimetic brain peptides are involved in at least two functions in the central nervous system: beta-endorphin subserves the mediation of a long-lasting psychomotor stimulation, while the enkephalins mediate vomiting of a transient character.
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PMID:Differences in central effects of beta-endorphin and enkephalins: beta-endorphin. A potent psychomotor stimulant. 627 57

A variant form of maple syrup urine disease (grade II) in a twelve year old boy is reported. The clinical picture was characterized by seizure-like episodes of confusion and intermittent ataxia. The diagnosis was made by showing an increased excretion of branched-chain alpha-hydroxy acids as well as evaluated plasma concentrations of the branched-chain aminoacids and alpha-ketoacids. There was a decrease of leucine degradation in cultured fibroblasts to 5 to 6% of normal. The treatment with thiamine-hydrochlorid remained without any clinical or biochemical effect in our patient. Further neurologic symptoms during acute episodes of vomiting could be avoided by dietary protein restriction and early parenteral glucose supplementation.
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PMID:[Intermittent maple syrup urine disease in a 12-year-old boy: clinical aspects, diagnosis and treatment]. 663 15

Systemic administration of apomorphine, angiotensin II, neurotensin and leucine-enkephalin induces emesis in dogs in a dose-dependent fashion. Receptors for Leu-enkephalin and angiotensin II but not apomorphine show receptor desensitization, such that a second systemic administration 5 min after the first is ineffective. Domperidone blocked the emetic response to apomorphine but not to Leu-enkephalin or angiotensin II. Naloxone selectively blocked the Leu-enkephalin response, while saralasin blocked responses to both angiotensin II and Leu-enkephalin, but not apomorphine. Chlorpromazine prevented the emetic response to all agents, suggesting a dopamine receptor in the emetic pathway on the brain side of the blood-brain barrier. In dogs with ablation of the area postrema the emetic response to apomorphine and all peptides was prevented.
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PMID:Peptide-induced emesis in dogs. 672 20

Venalot, a mixture of coumarin and troxerutin, in the proportion 1 to 6 respectively, was given orally to baboons at dosages of 0, 100, 300 and 1000 mg/kg/day for 26 weeks. Vomiting, usually within 3 h of administration and considered to be of central origin, in addition to vomiting immediately after dosing, was noted in animals receiving 1000 mg/kg/day. At this level, collapse on several occasions in two animals, one of which died, was also observed. Another animal receiving 1000 mg/kg/day was killed for humane reasons following a period of weight loss, reduced appetite and deterioration in body condition. However, no adverse effect on body weight gain, food or water consumption, ophthalmoscopic or electrocardiographic examinations were noted in any other animals during this study. Increased levels of liver function (serum leucine amino-peptidase (LAP), and serum ornithine carbamyl transferase (OCT) were noted during the dosing period, together with slightly increased liver weights terminally for animals receiving 1000 mg/kg/day; however, as no morphological or ultrastructural changes were noted, these findings were considered to be attributable to hypertrophy.
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PMID:Toxicity of venalot (a mixture of coumarin and troxerutin) in the baboon. 682 41

A boy, aged 7 months, of consanguineous parents presented with an acute onset of vomiting, fever, nonketotic hypoglycemia and acidosis and died from cardiac arrest after ventricular fibrillation. He had hepatomegaly and echocardiographically a non-obstructive cardiomyopathy. Autopsy was not allowed. After birth the child had suffered from a severe respiratory distress syndrome, transient metabolic acidosis and had a sweaty feet odour. Later on, development was retarded with a severe muscular hypotonia. Post mortem, numerous unusual organic acids were found in high concentrations in urine, e.g. dicarbonic acids, 2-hydroxyisobutyric, isovaleric, 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid, N-acyl glycines, isovalerylglutamic acid and sarcosine. This pattern indicated deficiencies of several acyl-Co A dehydrogenases in the metabolism of leucine, isoleucine, valine, lysine, short-chain fatty acids and sarcosine. This could be confirmed using cultured skin fibroblasts which were shown to degrade the corresponding labeled substrates insufficiently to 14CO2. It is assumed that the functional multiple acyl-Co A dehydrogenation deficiency is caused by a deficiency of a common link in the electron transfer system of these dehydrogenases which is inherited autosomal recessively in this family. Among the 12 patients reported, 7 died within the first 5 days of age.
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PMID:Multiple acyl-Co A dehydrogenation deficiency (MADD) in a boy with nonketotic hypoglycemia, hepatomegaly, muscle hypotonia and cardiomyopathy. Detection of N-isovalerylglutamic acid and its monoamide. 686 97


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