Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0042963 (vomiting)
 31,883 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A sixteen-week study examined the effect of Madopa and Sinemet on patients with Parkinson disease disease suffering nausea or vomiting as side-effects of levodopa therapy and compared the efficacy of the three preparations in controlling the symptoms of Parkinson disease. Following a control period on levodopa, 20 patients underwent four consecutive four-week regimens as follows: (1) double-blind, in which a randomized half received levodopa and half received Madopa; (2) single-blind, in which all received Madopa; (3) double-blind, in which a re-randomized half received Madopa and half Sinemet; and (4) single-blind, in which all received Sinemet. Levodopa administration via Sinemet and Madopa was held to a fixed 20% of prior levodopa dosage. Almost all patients showed great reduction in nausea and vomiting with both Madopa and Sinemet. Seventy percent of the patients showed improvement in disability compared to their levodopa baseline levels. Group means showed no difference between the improvement seen on Madopa and that seen on Sinemet. However, examination of individual responses showed that the majority of patients fared distinctly better on either Sinemet or Madopa.
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PMID:A double-blind comparison of levodopa, Madopa, and Sinemet in Parkinson disease. 35 36

Thirty-seven patients with Parkinsonism were treated with bromocriptine 2.5-300 mg daily. Bromocriptine, alone or combined with levodopa, caused a 20-30% reduction in disability scores in 11 patients treated for one year. Tolerance did not develop during this period. Bromocriptine treatment was not of value in six patients who had previously not responded or who had lost their response to levodopa. However, in four of five patients with response swings on levodopa due to rapid changes in plasma dopa levels, the addition of bromocriptine caused a more stable response. Dose response curves to bromocriptine 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 mg and to levodopa 250, 500, 1000, and 2000 mg were studied in seven patients. Levodopa 2 g had a greater therapeutic effect and caused a greater rise in plasma growth hormone concentration than bromocriptine 100 mg. Levodopa caused emesis more commonly and hallucinations less commonly than bromocriptine. Bromocriptine appears to be a less potent stimulant than dopamine, and has both pre- and post-synaptic effects. Metoclopramide 60 mg oral was given 30 minutes before bromocriptine or levodopa to establish whether this caused dopamine-receptor blockade. Metoclopramide acted as a competitive antagonist to the anti-Parkinsonism and growth hormone effect of both drugs and in individual cases prevented emesis and hallucinations. The fall in blood pressure due to bromocriptine or levodopa was not antagonised by metoclopramide. Central and peripheral vascular dopamine receptors may be different in nature.
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PMID:Bromocriptine in Parkinsonism: long-term treatment, dose response, and comparison with levodopa. 103 99

The effect of a new dopaminergic agonist, piribedil, was studied in 16 patients with Parkinson's disease and compared with placebo and L-DOPA. Piribedil appeared to have a moderate therapeutic effect that was significantly less than that of L-DOPA. Tremor appeared to be the main clinical feature to benefit. Nausea, vomiting, and somnolence were most frequent during the buildup of treatment and confusion and hallucinations during long-term treatment. Piribedil caused a significant decrease in probenecid-induced accumulation of HVA in the CSF, suggesting reduced turnover of endogenous dopamine in the brain. There was a significant relationship between dopamine receptor activation by piribedil and improvement of parkinsonian disability.
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PMID:Dopaminergic agonist effects on Parkinsonian clinical features and brain monamine metabolism. 109 75

Twelve parkinsonian patients with an unsatisfactory therapeutic result on L-Dopa alone due to nausea, vomiting and involuntary movements were treated WITH L-Dopa and decarboxylase inhibitor. The daily dose reached 800mg L-Dopa and 200 mg decarboxylase inhibitor. Single doses of each of the components were also given. Electrophysiological examination of hypokinesia, tremor and rigidity, and clinical observation revealed clear evidence of rapid improvement on small doses of L-Dopa combined with decarboxylase inhibitor. Most of the improvement occurred during the 1st week before the maximal dose was reached. A single oral dose of decarboxylase inhibitor resulted in an improvement, suggesting the presence in the organism of a small AMOUNT OF L-Dopa. This work also shows the absence of liver toxicity of the drug used. Elimination of the extracerebral side effects nausea and vomiting in our opinion is a principle advantage of the compound compared to L-Dopa alone, wheras abnormal involuntary movements, which were found in all patients, remain the limiting adverse side effect.
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PMID:Treatment of parkinsonism with l-dopa and a decarboxylase inhibitor. An electrophysiological and clinical study. 114 54

The emetic and catalepsy-inducing actions of buflomedil were studied in dog and mice. Oral administration of buflomedil (10-30 mg/kg) dose-dependently induced vomiting in dogs. On the other hand, the buflomedil-induced vomiting was inhibited by the pretreatment with domperidone (1 mg/kg, p.o.). A high dose of buflomedil (120-360 mg/kg, p.o.) induced catalepsy in mice, while a low dose of this agent (30-120 mg/kg, p.o.) had no enhancing effect on haloperidol-induced catalepsy. It was also found that the buflomedil-induced catalepsy was inhibited by the pretreatments with L-DOPA (300 mg/kg, i.p.) and bromocriptine (5 mg/kg, i.p.), respectively. These results suggest that buflomedil may induce emetic action as a dopamine agonist at a low dose, whereas it acts as a dopamine antagonist and a catalepsy inducer at a high concentration.
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PMID:[Emetic and catalepsy-inducing actions of buflomedil]. 325 Sep 15

It has been shown that dimethpramide, a new Soviet-made antiemetic belonging to the group of substituted benzamides, effectively prevents the emetic action of L-DOPA and apomorphine in dogs (the ED50 is 0.04 and 0.12 mg/kg, respectively). When given in doses of 10-25 mg/kg dimethpramide suppresses vomiting induced by adrenaline, histamine, strophanthine, sodium salicylate, and copper sulfate. The drug exerts a selective dopamine-blocking action on the receptors of the triggering zone of the vomiting center without producing any substantial action on the dopaminergic brain systems that regulate behavioral activity.
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PMID:[Antiemetic activity of dimetpramid]. 654 25

It has been established in dog experiments that phentolamine prevents the emetic action of adrenaline whereas diphenhydramine the emetic effect of histamine. Both the drugs in the doses studied do not produce any effect on vomiting induced by L-DOPA. The dopamine blockers, etaperazine, haloperidol and metoclopramide given in the doses suppressing the emetic action of L-DOPA do not prevent the adrenaline- and histamine-induced vomiting. It is assumed that the emetic action of adrenaline is effected in dogs via alpha-adrenoreceptors, whereas the histamine-induced vomiting via H1-histamine receptors of the trigger zone of the vomiting center.
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PMID:[Mechanism of emetic action of adrenaline and histamine in the dog]. 673 5

Sinemet (a combination of levodopa with carbidopa, a dopa-decarboxylase inhibitor) has replaced levodopa for early treatment of parkinsonism. The blocking of the systemic uptake of dopamine has eliminated the previous complications of nausea, vomiting, and cardiac and respiratory arrhythmias; pyridoxine need not now be avoided. However, the earlier appearance of abnormal involuntary movements, hallucinations, occasional psychosis, and a dopa-resistant state limits treatment efficacy. In all-over experience the combination drug offers the best relief for rigidity and akinesia. It has improved the quality of life and reduced mortality by one half. The greatest benefits appear in the first 3 years; then complications set in. The relation of complications to dosage is now better understood, and the ratio of dopa-decarboxylase inhibitor to levodopa inhibitor to levodopa of 1:4 is better than the previous 1:10. Levodopa with or without dopa decarboxylase is not a cure for parkinsonism. Some agonist drugs (bromocryptine, lisuride) are showing promise in the testing stage. The evolving knowledge about neurotransmitters and peptide messengers offers hope for the growing number of patients with parkinsonism.
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PMID:Sinemet and the treatment of Parkinsonism. 701 95

KW-5338 (domperidone), a new dopamine antagonist, is considered to be an agent to cross the blood-brain barrier with difficulty. The antagonistic activities of KW-5338 against L-DOPA were investigated, KW-5338 showed a strong anti-emetic action against L-DOPA induced emesis in beagle dogs (ED50=0.056 mg/kg (p.o.)) and restored the L-DOPA induced depression of intestinal motility to some extent, while it did not antagonize anti-tremorine activities of L-DOPA and trihexyphenidyl in mice. These results suggest that KW-5338 prevents side effects of L-DOPA such as nausea, vomiting and constipation, without reduction in therapeutic effects of L-DOPA in Parkinson's disease.
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PMID:Antagonism of KW-5338 (domperidone) against emesis and depression of intestinal motility induced by L-DOPA. 727 86

The effects of IVT serotonin [5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)] and dopamine (DA) administration have been studied in rats and marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). In rats, 5-HT (114 and 170 micrograms/10 microliters) produced the same behavioral effects observed after IP administration of its precursors and agonists. The same doses of 5-HT used for rats produced only part of the behavioral effects in marmosets after IP administration of 5-HT precursors and agonists. Ataxia, vomiting, and decreased motor activity were observed, but not drowsiness or teeth-chattering. However, IVT administration of DA (400 micrograms/10 microliters dose) produced head movements or checking, ataxia, tongue out, and decreased motor activity. These findings differ from those observed after IP administration of l-DOPA and DA agonists, which increase motor activity.
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PMID:Behavioral effects of the intraventricular administration of 5-HT and dopamine in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). 825 14


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